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VUNELED STATES 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 


HUBERT WORK, Secretary 


NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
STEPHEN T. MATHER, Drrecror 


Je UR 
NATIONAL PARKS 
PORTFOLIO 


BY 


ROBERT STERLING YARD 
FORMERLY EDITOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 


FIFTH EDITION 


REVISED BY 


ISABELLE F. STORY 
EDITOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 


UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON 
1928 


NOTE TO FIFTH EDITION. 


HE first edition of the National Parks Portfolio, which numbered 
275,000 copies, was issued by the Department of the Interior in 
ae June, 1916. The second edition, brought up to date by the sub- 
stitution of later photographs and enlarged by the addition of 
thirty-six pages, was one of the first publications of the new National Park 
Service which Congress created August 25, 1916. The third edition, published 
in 1921, contained twenty-two additional pages of pictures. The fourth edition, 
issued in 1925, contained information regarding ten new national monuments 
created after the publication of the third edition, including three new pictures. 
This, the fifth edition, is a thorough revision of previous issues, both in text 
and illustrations. In all, ninety-two new pictures have been used. This 
revision was made necessary by the many changes that have occurred in the 
national park system during the past twelve years, and by the changing styles, 
which made obsolete many of the pictures with a human-interest note. 
Acknowledgments are due to the many photographers, professional and 
amateur, who contributed some of the best examples of their work to this 
Portfolio; to the United States Geological Survey for assistance and hearty 
cooperation; to many helpful individuals; and to seventeen western railroads, 
whose contribution of forty-three thousand dollars made possible the preparation 
and publication of the first edition. 
THE Epiror. 


FOR SALE BY SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Book BOUND, IN CLOTH)? of-sil eles) Lee tec aes tie a anise eee One DoLiaR 


(2) 


GNECED: STATES 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
HUBERT WORK, Secretary 


NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
STEPHEN T. MATHER, Direcror 


INTRODUCTION 


AN’S ingenuity has led him into many diverse lines of thought. One 
of the most remarkable products of his mathematical mind was the 
discovery of the chronological cycles: These cycles are based on 

the recurrence of the same astronomical event after the lapse of a 

regular period of years. They cause us to realize that our universe is laid out 

according to a definite plan and help establish our faith and respect for the 

Architect. _ 


The history of the United States has been a human struggle to subdue 
the wilderness. After a century and a half civilized communities have sprung 
up on every hand. Great masses of population have congested themselves in 
cities. We have established an artificial life dependent on the indoors until 
now to complete the cycle we are turning back to the simpler pleasures found 
in the woods in contact with nature. There is no action without reaction. 
With this returning cycle our people are being drawn from the convenience of 
modern homes, which it has taken so long to design and build, to the more 
natural surroundings of the outdoors. 


Twelve years ago the Federal Government took cognizance of this move- 
ment to commune with nature through the creation of the National Park 
Service in the Department of the Interior, which was placed in complete con- 
trol of scenic and recreational areas on the public domain and reserved for the 
benefit of the people. ‘The first step necessary in the development of a national 
park system was the preservation of the primeval beauty of the parks and 
monuments and at the same time the provision of accommodations for the 
hundreds of thousands of visitors. Roads were built to the scenic points of 
interest and trails were constructed to outlying sections of wilderness without 
marring the landscape. Hotels and camps were also provided by public oper- 
ators under contract with the Government. Free public camp grounds were 
built for the use of the motorists. This program has resulted in a unified park 
system. 


(3) 


The National Park Service, however, did not confine itself exclusively to 
providing outdoor recreation for the American people. Its functions became 
also educational in character. Many of the national parks and monuments 
are natural laboratories for the study of science. No better examples of glacia- 
tion, erosion, and other metaphysical reactions may be found anywhere, and 
every facility is offered to scientists to obtain knowledge for educational pur- 
poses. The flora and fauna are preserved for the biologists and botanists, 
while the archeologists and ethnologists are enabled to study prehistoric people 
in the ruined homes and cliff dwellings contained in the national parks and > 
monuments. 


Field trips conducted by nature guides competent to explain every subject 
of natural history along the trailside have been arranged through the educa- 
tion branch of the bureau under the direction of a chief naturalist. Camp-fire 
lectures on birds, geology, or any other phases of nature exemplified in the 
parks are also given for the benefit of the visitors. Museums have also been 
established containing collections of materials of educational interest. Other 
educational facilities are offered through field courses in the various branches 
of natural history offered by the Park Service in cooperation with universities 
and other institutions. 


The national parks are playing a prominent réle in our national life. They 
are giving the people a glimpse of the simpler things of life and are increasing 
our appreciation and understanding of nature. They are providing educational 
opportunities that otherwise would not exist. And finally they are bringing 
us closer to the scheme of creation and educating our children “through nature 
up to nature’s God.”’ 


HUBERT WORK, 
Secretary of the Interior. 


(4) 


PRESENTATION 


HIS Nation is richer in natural scenery of the first order than any 
T other nation; but it is only recently that our people have begun to 
realize this fact. In its national parks it owns the most inspiring 
playgrounds and the best equipped natural schools in the world; 

and these are an economic asset of incalculable value. 


When the first edition of this Portfolio was issued in 1916 comparatively 
few people were aware that the country possessed this empire of grandeur and 
beauty; and still fewer realized the economic value of our scenery. Individual 
features of several of our national parks were known the world over, but few to 
whom the Yosemite Valley was a household word knew that its seven wonderful 
miles were a part of a scenic wonderland of eleven hundred square miles called 
the Yosemite National Park. So with the Yellowstone; all had heard of its 
geysers, but few indeed of its thirty-three hundred square miles of wilderness 
beauty. Some of the finest of our national parks pictured in this Portfolio had 
never been heard of by many. The Seqwioia National Park, a hundred miles 
south of the Yosemite, one of the noblest scenic areas in the world, is the home 
of thousands of sequoia trees over ten feet in diameter, the celebrated Big 
Trees of California; but even its name was known to few. Crater Lake National 
Park, which incloses a marvelous deep blue lake surrounded by walls of fretted 
lavas of indescribable beauty, was probably one of the least known of all. 


In that year, 1916, only 356,097 people visited the national parks. Since 
then, however, the visiting list has steadily mounted higher and higher, until in 
the 1927 travel year 2,354,643 visitors saw the national parks. In addition to 
the park travel the national monuments last year drew 443,197 visitors. 


The main object of this Portfolio is to present to the people of our country 
a panorama of our national parks and national monuments, set aside for study 
and comparison. Each park will be found highly individual, with distinct 
characteristics. The whole, taken together, will be a revelation and should 
draw a still greater number of visitors to these reservations. 


To all of our park visitors, and to the American people generally, this 
Portfolio is dedicated. 
STEPHEN T. MATHER, 


Director, National Park Service. 
JANUARY 4, 1928. 


(s) 


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NATIONAL PARK 
AND A NATIONAL MONUMENT © 


HE difference between a national park and a national monument — 
is not always easy to define. A national park is created by Con- 
a: gress with the implied purpose of development by appropriations for 
the public enjoyment. A national monument is proclaimed by the 
President to conserve some historical structure or landmark, or some restricted 
area of unusual scientific value. ee | 
A national park is supposed to have parklike area, but several are very 
small. A national monument is supposed to be confined to the object con- 
served, but several have large areas. Cece 
The act of August 25, 1916, creating the National Park Service, and recent 
appropriations for the development of several national monuments tend to 
further extinguish differences. a ; 
For travel purposes it may be assumed that all national parks within the 
United States are ready for all visitors, including motorists in their own cars. 
One can comfortably reach and see many of the national monuments, but it 
will be safer to make special inquiry in advance of starting. 


(6) 


ees PT LONATL PARKS AT A GLANCE 


[Number, 19; total area, 11,817 square miles. 


Arranged chronologically in the order of their creation] 


DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS 


114| 46 hot springs said to possess healing properties—Many 


hotels and boarding houses in adjacent city of Hot 
Springs—Bathhouses under public control. 


More geysers than in all rest of world together—Boiling 
volcanoes—Petrified forests—Grand 
Canyon of the Yellowstone, remarkable for gorgeous 
coloring—Large lakes and waterfalls—Wilderness in- 
habited by deer, elk, bison, moose, antelope, bear, 
mountain sheep, etc. 


Valley of world-famed beauty—Lofty cliffs—Romantic vis- 
tas—Waterfalls of extraordinary height—3 groves of big 
trees—Large areas of snowy peaks—Waterwheel falls. 


The Big Tree National Park—Scores of sequoia trees from 20 
to 30 feet in diameter, thousands over ro feet in diameter— 
Includes Mount Whitney, highest peak in continental 


Created to preserve the celebrated General Grant Tree, 40.3 
feet in diameter—6 miles from Sequoia National Park. 


Largest accessible single-peak glacier system—28 glaciers, 
some of large size—48 square miles of glacier, 50 to 1,000 
feet thick—Remarkable subalpine wild-flower fields. 


Lake of extraordinary blue in crater of extinct volcano, no 
visible inlet or outlet—Sides 1,000 feet high. 


Sulphur and other springs possessing curative properties— 
Under Government regulation. 


Wooded hilly tract on Devils Lake. 


Most notable and best preserved prehistoric cliff dwellings 
in United States, if not in the world. 


Rugged mountain region of unsurpassed alpine character— 
250 glacier-fed lakes of romantic beauty—6o small gla- 
ciers—Peaks of unusual shape—Precipices thousands of 
feet deep—Fine trout fishing. 


Heart of the Rockies—Snowy Range, peaks 11,000 to 14,250 
feet altitude—Remarkable records of glacial period. 


Two active volcanoes, Mauna Loa, largest in the world, and 
Kilauea, whose lake of bubbling lava is world famed— 
A third volcano, Haleakala, crater 8 miles wide. 


Active volcano—lLassen Peak, 10,460 feet in altitude— 
Cinder Cone, 6,907 feet—Hot springs—Mud geysers. 


Highest mountain in North America—Rises higher above 
surrounding country than any mountain in the world. 


Greatest example of stream erosion in the world—More than 
10 miles wide—More than 1 mile deep. 


Group of granite mountains rising upon Mount Desert 


Magnificent gorge (Zion Canyon), depth from 1,500 to 2,500 


NATIONAL PARK ne 
and Date LOCATION Stare 
miles 
Hot SPRINGS Middle 
1832 Arkansas 
YELLOWSTONE North- 3,348 
1872 western springs—Mud 
Wyoming 
YOSEMITE Middle E2125 
1890 eastern 
California 
SEQUOIA Middle 604 
1890 eastern 
California 
United States. 
GENERAL GRANT | Middle 4 
1890 California 
Mount RAINIER | West 325 
1899 central 
Washington 
CRATER LAKE Southern 249 
1902 Oregon 
‘PLATT Southern 1% 
1902 Oklahoma 
Winp CAVE South 17 | Large natural cavern. 
1903 Dakota 
SuLttys Hi, North 1t/s 
1904 Dakota 
MESA VERDE Southern vat 
1906 Colorado 
GLACIER North- I, 534 
IgIco western 
Montana 
Rocky Mountain | Northern 378 
IQI5 Colorado 
HAWAII Hawaii 242 
1916 
LASSEN Vo.canic | Northern “124 
1916 California 
Mount. McKINLEy | South 2,645 
IQ17 central 
Alaska 
GRAND. CANYON | Northern | 1,009 
1919 Arizona 
LAFAYETTE Maine 12 
1919 Coast Island. 
ZION South- 120 
IgI9 western 


Utah 


feet, with precipitous walls, of great beauty and scenic 
interest. 


(7) 


THE NATIONAL. MONUMENTS AT A GLANCE 


Administered by National Park Service, Department of the Interior 


[Number, 32; total area, 3,681 square miles, or 2,356,036.81 acres; chronologically in order of creation] 


NAME 


DEvits TOWER 
MONTEZUMA CASTLE 


Et Morro 


PETRIFIED FOREST 


CHAcO CANYON 
(cha’ko) 


Muir Woops 2 
(mir) 


PINNACLES 


NATURAL BRIDGES 


LEwIs AND CLARK 
CAVERN 2 


TUMACACORI 
(ti-m4-ka’k0-ré) 


Navajo (nav’a-h6) 
SHOSHONE CAVERN 
(sh6-shd’-ne) 


GRAN QUIVIRA 
(gran ké-vé’ra) 


SITKA 


RAINBOW BRIDGE 
CoLORADO 


PAPAGO SAGUARO 
(pa’pa-go sag-wa’ro) 
DINOSAUR (di’n6-s6r) 


CAPULIN MOUNTAIN 
(ka-p@’lin) 
VERENDRYE 
(vér-ron’dré) 
Casa GRANDE 3 
(ka’sa gran’da) 


KatMAI (kat’/mi) 
Scotts BLUFF 


Yucca Houses ? 
(ytic’ca) 
Fossum, Cycap 
AzTEC RUIN 2 
HOVENWEEP 
PIPE SPRING 


CARLSBAD CAVE 


CRATERS OF THE MOON 


WUPATKEI 
GLACIER Bay 


LOCATION 


Wyoming 
Arizona 


New Mexico 


Arizona 
New Mexico 


California 


California 


Utah 


Montana 


Arizona 


Arizona 
Wyoming 


New Mexico 


Alaska 


Utah 
Colorado 
Arizona 

Utah 

New Mexico 
North Dakota 


Arizona 


Alaska 


Nebraska 


Colorado 


South Dakota 
New Mexico 
Utah-Colorado 
Arizona 


New Mexico 


Idaho 


Arizona 
Alaska 


AREA 
(acres) 


1 1, 087, 990 


I, 893. 


719. 
24, 960 


2, 234. 
I, 164, 800 


- 43 


. 43 


. 04 


83 


[on 


22 


SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS 


Remarkable natural rock tower, of volcanic origin, 1,200 feet in height. 


Prehistoric cliff-dweller ruin of unusual size situated in a niche in face 
of a vertical cliff. Of scenic and ethnologic interest. 


Enormous sandstone rock eroded in form of a castle, upon which in- 
scriptions have been placed by early Spanish explorers. Contains 
cliff-dweller ruins. Of great historic, scenic, and ethnologic interest. 


Abundance of petrified coniferous trees, one of which forms a small 
natural bridge. Is of great scientific interest. 


Numerous cliff-dweller ruins, including communal houses, in good con- 
dition. Considerable excavation done at several of the ruins. 


One of the most noted redwood groves in California. Was donated by 
Hon. William Kent, ex-Member of Congress. Located 7 miles from 
San Francisco. 


Many spirelike rock formations, 600 to 1,000 feet high, visible many 
miles; also numerous caves and other formations. 


3 natural bridges, among largest examples of their kind. Largest bridge 
is 222 feet high, 65 feet thick at top of arch; arch is 128 feet wide; span, 
261 feet; height of span, 157 feet. Other two slightly smaller. 


Immense limestone cavern of great scientific interest, magnificently dec- 
orated with stalactite formations. Now closed to public because of 
depredations by vandals. 


Ruin of Franciscan mission dating from seventeenth century. Being 
restored by National Park Service as rapidly as funds permit. 


Numerous pueblo, or cliff-dweller, ruins in good preservation. 
Cavern of considerable extent near Cody. 


One of the most important of earliest Spanish mission ruins in the 
Southwest. Monument also contains pueblo ruins. 


Park of great natural beauty and historic interest as scene of massacre of 
Russians by Indians. Contains 16 totem poles of best native work- 
manship. 


Unique natural bridge of great scientific interest and symmetry. 
Height 309 feet above water, and span is 278 feet, in shape of rainbow. 


Contains many lofty monoliths and is wonderful example of erosion; of 
great scenic beauty and interest. 


Splendid collection of characteristic desert flora and numerous picto- 
graphs. Interesting rock formations. 


Deposits of fossil remains of prehistoric animal life of great scientific 
interest. 


Cinder cone of geologically recent formation. 


Includes Crowhigh Butte, peculiar mountain formation, from which 
Explorer Verendrye first beheld territory beyond Missouri River. 


These ruins are one of the most noteworthy relics of a prehistoric age 
and people within the limits of the United States. Discovered in 
ruinous condition in 1694. _ - 


Wonderland of great scientific interest in the study of volcanism. 
Phenomena exist upon a scale of great magnitude. Includes “ Valley 
of Ten Thousand Smokes.’’ 


Region of historic and scientific interest. Many famous old trails 
traversed by the early pioneers in the winning of the West passed 
over and through this monument. 


Located on eastern slope of Sleeping Ute Mountain. Ruins of great 
archeological value, relic of prehistoric inhabitants. 


Area containing deposits of plant fossils. 
Prehistoric ruin of pueblo type containing 500 rooms. 
Four groups of prehistoric towers, pueblos, and cliff dwellings. 


Old stone fort and spring of pure water in desert region serves as memo- 
rial to early western pioneer life. 


Limestone caverns of extraordinary proportions and of unusual beauty. 


Weird volcanic region containing remarkable fissure eruption, together 
with its associated volcanic cones, craters, lava flows, caves, natural 
bridges, and other phenomena. 


Prehistoric dwellings of ancestors of Hopi Indians. 
Contains tidewater glaciers of first rank. 


1 Bstimated. 


2 Donated to the United States. 


8 From June 22, 1892, until Aug. 3, 1918, classified as a national park, 


(8) 


CONTENTS 


NATIONAL PARKS 


NAME 
CRATER LAKE 


GENERAL GRANT 
GLACIER . 
GRAND CANYON . 
Hawaii . 

Hot SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS 
LAFAYETTE 

LASSEN VOLCANIC 
MESA VERDE... 
Mount McKINLEy . 
MouNT RAINIER 
PLATT 

Rocky MOUNTAIN 
SEQUOIA 

SULLYS HILL 

WIND CAVE | 
YELLOWSTONE . 
YOSEMITE . 

ON gees ss 


(9) 


2 Diagrams, 25 Views 


2 Views 


. 26 Views 


. 24 Views-. 


9 Views 
6 Views 


7 Views 


.2 Views. . 
- 207 VIEWS >. 
2 Views. . 


. 26 Views 
3 VICWS et: 


. 26 Views 


. 35 Views 


. 31 Views 


6 Views 


PAGE 


8107 


63 


Paes 


207 


ot2a5 


5226 
- 245 
att 
Pas ie a | 


- 233 


83 


- 244 
2179 


59 


- 244 
. 244 


II 


30 


e240 


CONTENTS—Continued 
NATIONAL MONUMENTS 


PAGE 
AZTEC RUIN 4-2 ee coat ape 
OCAPULINI MOUNTAIN fe teo ¢e ers sa coe eee 
GCARTSBAD. CAVE 56a ee an ee 
CASA GRANDES ©. o (tae ge See eee 
CHACO CANYON ©. i otis sath eet eet ee dy 
COLORADO sey 0- 7s a Se eee 
CRATERS. OF THE MOONS a... 3 626s 
Devirs. TOWER: | 5 Sea kee ee 
DINOSAUR «Js. SG ae oe fee ae eee 
HE MORRO N54) ee ee ee ee 
Boss, -<CYCAD 2:0," 40" ences ee ee 
GLACIER + BAY, 2 4 pee ten i ie ee 
GRAN OUIVIRAY -sisan aie) on amt ee ae 
TIOVEN WEEP oon s oes Fae sk oe = ee 
IOAEMIAT Oc a ec 
LEWIS AND CLARK CAVERN ...... 260 


Map oF PARKS AND MONUMENTS 


(0) 


MONTEZUMA CASTLE 


Murr Woops 


NAvajo 

NATURAL BRIDGES . 
PAPAGO SAGUARO 
PETRIFIED FOREST 
PINNACLES 

PIPE SPRING . 
RAINBOW BRIDGE 
Scotts BLUFF 
SHOSHONE CAVERN 
SITKA 
TUMACACORI . 
VERENDRYE 
WUPATKI 


Yucca HoussE 


= 270 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul OLD FAITHFUL 


me LLOWSIONE 
NATIONAL 
PARK 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 
Tue GreaT FALLS oF THE YELLOWSTONE, NEARLY Twice as Hicu as NiaGARA 


Below these falls the river enters the gorgeously colored Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone 
(12) 


Copyright, 1906, by W. S. Berry 


ANTELOPE 


THE LAND of WONDERS 


HE Yellowstone National Park is the largest and most widely cele- 
brated of our national parks. It is a wooded wilderness of thirty- 
three hundred square miles. It contains more geysers than are 
found in the rest of the world together. It has innumerable boiling 

springs whose steam mingles with the clouds. 

It has many rushing rivers and large lakes. It has waterfalls of great 
height and large volume. It has fishing waters unexcelled. 

It has canyons of sublimity, one of which presents a spectacle of broken 
color unequaled. It has areas of petrified forests with trunks standing. It 
has innumerable wild animals which have ceased unduly to fear man; in fact, 
it is unique as a bird and animal sanctuary. 

It has several great hotels and lodges, and also many free public auto- 
mobile camp grounds. It has two hundred miles of excellent roads. 

In short, it is not only the wonderland that common report describes; it 
is also the fitting playground and pleasure resort of a great people; it is also 


the ideal summer school of nature study. 
(13) 


Photograph by George R. King 


Tue Upper Fats oF THE YELLOWSTONE, A FEw Mites BELow YELLOWSTONE LAKE 


Above these falls the rushing river lies nearly level with surrounding country; below begin the canyons 
(14) 


2 


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£4 


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ere cease aE 


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Copyright by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


Rapips ABOvE Upper FALLS 


THREEFOLD PERSONALITY 


HE Yellowstone is associated in the public mind with geysers only. 
Thousands even of those who, watches in hand, have hustled from 
sight to sight over the usual stage schedules, bring home vivid 
impressions of little else. 

There never was a-greater mistake. Were there no geysers, the Yellow- 
stone watershed alone, with its glowing canyon, would be worth the national 
park. Were there also no canyon, the scenic wilderness and its incomparable 
wealth of wild-animal life would be worth the national park. 

The personality of the Yellowstone is threefold. The hot-water manifes- 
tations are worth minute examination, the canyon a contemplative visit, the 
park a summer. Dunraven Pass, Mount Washburn, the canyon at Tower 
Falls, Shoshone Lake, Sylvan Pass—these are known to very few indeed. 


see all or you have not seen the Yellowstone. 
(15) 


ber 
= 


i OS pee 


Photograph by J. E. nen St. Paul 
CRESTED PooL, ONE oF THE INNUMERABLE HoT SPRINGS 


These springs, whose marvelously clear water is a deep blue, have an astonishing depth 


ans , ; sive. 


Photograph by Edward S. Curtis 
THE CARVED AND FRETTED TERRACES AT Mammotu Hot Sprincs 


These great white hills, deposited and built up by the hot waters, sometimes envelope forest trees 
(16) 


ions ee> seagate 
7 - 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 

Tue Grant Geyser, In Many Respects THE GREATEST OF ALL 
It spouts for an hour at a time, the water reaching a height of 250 feet. Interval, six to fourteen days 
(17) 


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(18) 


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(19) 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


Evectric Peak, A SuPERB LANDMARK OF THE NorTH SIDE 


MANY-COLORED CANYON 


ROM Inspiration Point, looking a thousand feet almost vertically 

down upon the foaming Yellowstone River, and southward three 

miles to the Great Falls, the hushed observer sees spread before 

him the most glorious kaleidoscope of color he will ever see in 
nature. The steep slopes are inconceivably carved by the frost and the ero- 
sion of the ages. Sometimes they lie in straight lines at easy angles, from 
which jut high rocky prominences. Sometimes they seem carved from the 
side walls. Here and there jagged rocky needles rise perpendicularly like 
groups of gothic spires. 

And the whole is colored as brokenly and vividly as the field of a kaleido- 
scope. The whole is streaked and spotted in every shade from the deepest 
orange to the faintest lemon, from deep crimson through all the brick shades 
to the softest pink, from black through all the grays and pearls to glistening 
white. The greens are furnished by the dark pines above, the lighter shades 
of growth caught here and there in soft masses on the gentler slopes and the 
foaming green of the plunging river so far below. ‘The blues, ever changing, 


are found in the dome of the sky overhead. 
(20) 


Copyright by Haynes, St. Paul 
Sytvan Laxe, BeLow Sytvan Pass, Copy Roap 


Copyright by Gifford 
View FRomM Mount WasHBURN SHOWING YELLOWSTONE LAKE IN DISTANCE 


The northern east side is a country of striking and romantic scenery made accessible by excellent roads 


(ar) 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes 
Tue Hoty Ciry rrom THE Copy Roan, Eastern ENTRANCE 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes 
ENTERING YELLOWSTONE From THE SoutH—Lewis FaLts . 


(2a) 


Copyright by S. N. Leek 
Tur Sout EntrRANCE Is NEAR THE LorpLty TreTon RANGE, JusT OVER THE BoUNDARY 


(23) 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


(24) 


Copyright by S. N. Leek 
SEVENTEEN THousAND ELk Roam Turis SancTuARY WILDERNESS 


Photograph by Albert Schlechien 


It Is THE Naturay Home or THE CELEBRATED BiGHorN, THE Rocxy-MounTain SHEEP 
(26) 


Photograph by G. Swanson 
DeEER Make UNEXPECTED SILHOUETTES AT FREQUENT INTERVALS 


t 


GREATEST ANIMAL REFUGE 


HE Yellowstone National Park is by far the largest and most suc- 

cessful wild-animal preserve in the world. Since it was estab- 
lished in 1872 hunting has been strictly prohibited, and elk, bear, 
deer of several kinds, antelope, bison, moose, and bighorn mountain 
sheep roam the valleys and mountains in large numbers. Seventeen thousand 
elk, for instance, live in the park. Antelope, nearly extinct elsewhere, here 
abound. 


These animals have long since ceased to fear man as wild animals do every- 
where except in our national parks. While few tourists see them who follow 
the beaten roads in the everlasting sequence of stages, those who linger in the 
glorious wilderness see them in an abundance that fairly astonishes. 


S. N. Leek 
In WINTER WHEN THE SNows ARE DEEP Park RanGceERS LEAVE Hay IN CONVENIENT SPOTS 
(27) 


Photograph by 


SNIVINONOJ FHL NI AONATY LHONOS GNV SUALNOAP[ AG NOVY NAAIUG: AAT, HOIHM ‘SNIVIG AHL AO Sdua_{ ATIM 
AHL JO LNVNWAY V SI GUaf{ AIA, FH], ‘AIdIdVY ONISVAUYONT HLOG ‘Olvadng uo ‘NOSIG 4O SduaP{ SNOUTdSOUg OM], AAV AUTH, 


SINT *S psvapy &q y¢vsd0j0y qT 


ANIMALS REALLY AT HOME 


Photograph by Edward S. Curtis 
UNLIKE THE GriIzzLy, THE Brown Bear Cuiimss TREES QUICKLY AND EasiILy 


ERY different, indeed, from the beasts of the after-dinner story and 
the literature of adventure are the wild animals of the Yellowstone. 
Never shot at, never pursued, they are comparatively as fearless 
as song-birds nestling in the homestead trees. 

_ Wilderness bears cross the trail without haste a few yards ahead of the 
solitary passer-by, and his accustomed horses jog on undisturbed. Deer by 
scores lift their antlered heads above near thickets to watch his passing. Elk 
scarcely slow their cropping of forest grasses. Even the occasional moose, 
straying far from his southern wilderness, scarcely quickens his long lope. 
Herds of antelope on near-by hills watch but hold their own. 

Only the grizzly and the mountain sheep, besides the predatory beasts, still 
hide in the fastnesses. But even the mountain sheep loses fear and joins the 


others in winters of heavy snow when park rangers scatter hay by the roadside. 
(29) 


Photograph by S. N. Leek 


THE PARADISE OF ANGLERS 


7IHE Yellowstone is a land of splendid rivers. “Three watersheds find 

their beginnings within its borders. From Yellowstone Lake flows 

north the rushing Yellowstone River with its many tributaries; 

7 from Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart Lakes flows south the Snake 

River; and in the western slopes rise the Madison and its many tributaries. 

All are trout waters of high degree. : | 

The native trout of this region is the famous cutthroat. The grayling is 

native in the Madison River and its tributaries. Others have been planted. 

Besides the stream fishing, which is unsurpassed, the lakes, particularly 
Shoshone Lake and certain small ones, afford admirable sport. 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 
wei A Bic Lake Trout FRoM SHOSHONE LAKE 


The game cutthroat is the commonest trout in the Yellowstone, but there are six other 
varieties 


(30) 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


_ CUTTHROATS FROM ONE TO THREE oR Four Pounps ARE TAKEN IN LARGE NUMBERS 
AT THE YELLOWSTONE LAKE OUTLET 


Copyright by Gifford 
Younc Pexuicans on Moutiy Istanp IN YELLOWSTONE LAKE 


The Yellowstone pelicans are very large and pure white, a picturesque feature of the park 
(31) 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes 
Party Berinc ConpucTED Over Mammotu Hort Sprincs ForMATIONS 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes mare — 
Pusiic AUTOMOBILE Camp AT MamMmoTH 


(32) 


ite 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes 


Granp Canyon Lopce, Marin BurLpinc 


LIVING in the YELLOWSTONE 


HE park has entrances on all four sides. All have railroad connec- 
tions; the southern entrance, by way of Jackson Hole and past 
the jagged snowy Tetons, has three approach roads. ‘The roads 
from all entrances enter a central belt road which makes a large 

circuit connecting places of special interest. 

Four large hotels are located at points convenient for seeing the sights and 
are supplemented by lodges at modest prices. 

But the day of the unhurried visitor has dawned. If you want to enjoy 
your Yellowstone, if, indeed, you want even to see it, you should make your 
minimum twice five days; two weeks is better; a month is ideal. 

Spend the additional time at the canyon and on the trails. See the lake 
and the pelicans. Fish in Shoshone Lake. Climb Mount Washburn. Spend a 
day at Tower Falls. See Mammoth Hot Springs. Hunt wild animals with a 
camera. Stay with the wilderness and it will repay you a thousandfold. Fish 
a little, study nature in her myriad wealth—and live. 

The Yellowstone National Park is ideal for camping out. When people 
realize this it should quickly become one of the most lived in, as it already 
is one of the most livable, of all our national parks. 


81741°—28——3 (33) 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 
Oxtp FairHrut' Inn 


<4 be 8 4h eS RM 


sane yee ee se ee 


Copyright by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


Photograph by J. E. Haynes, St. Paul 


THe LAKE Horst 
THREE OF THE Four LARGE HoTELS IN THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 


(34) 4, 


(35) 


Photograph by A. C. Pillsbury 
Tue Hicuest WATERFALL IN THE WorRLD—ITHE YOSEMITE FALLS 


The Upper Fall measures 1,430 feet, as high as nine Niagaras. ‘The Lower Fall measures 320 feet 
The total drop from crest to river, including intermediate cascades, is almost half a mile 


(36) 


ees 


Pls 


Photograph by U.S. R 
Tue YosEMITE VALLEY FROM INsPIRATION PorInT, SHow1nNG BrRIDALVEIL FALLS 


LANDef ENCHANTMENT 


HO does not know of the Yosemite Valley? And yet, how few 
have heard of the Yosemite National Park! How few know that 
this world-famous, incomparable valley is merely a crack seven 
miles long in a scenic masterpiece of eleven hundred square miles! 

John Muir loved the valley and crystallized its fame in phrase. 

But still more he loved the national park, which he describes as including 
‘innumerable lakes and waterfalls and smooth silky lawns; the noblest forests, 
the loftiest granite domes, the deepest ice-scuiptured canyons, the brightest 
crystalline pavements, and snowy mountains soaring into the sky twelve and 
thirteen thousand feet, arrayed in open ranks and spiry pinnacled groups par- 
tially separated by tremendous canyons and amphitheaters; gardens on their 
sunny brows, avalanches thundering down their long white slopes, cataracts 
roaring gray and foaming in the crooked rugged gorges, and glaciers in their 
shadowy recesses working in silence, slowly completing their sculptures; new- 
born lakes at their feet, blue and green, free or encumbered with drifting ice- 


bergs like miniature Arctic Oceans, shining, sparkling, calm as stars.” 
(37) 


eclamation Service 


THe YOSEMITE VALLEY FROM GLACIER POINT 


The Upper and Lower Yosemite Falls are here shown in partial profile 
(38) 


892 feet above the floor of the valley 


(39) 


FROM NEAR WASHINGTON COLUMN 


Har Dome, 


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ap 
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Photograph by J. T. Boysen 


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vitae 


Photograph by A. C. Pillsbury 


eT 
Tue SHEER IMMENSITY OF THE PRECIPICES ON EITHER SIDE THE VALLEY’S PEACEFUL Fue een Majesty oF THE GRANITE WALLS, AND THE Unreat. A 
Quatity oF THE Ever VARY OLE, ATTEsT IT INCOMPARABLE » ALMOST FairyLikeE 


(40) : (41) 


Earty Morninc Besipe Mirror LAKE 


This lake is famous for its reflections of the cliffs. Mount Watkins in the background 
(42 


y 
Sos) 


910, By 3.1. Boys 


i 


feet, 


te 
€ 


L& 


Ex, CapiTan AT SUNSET 


Boysen 


Di 


Copyrighted, 1910, by J 


floor 


cy 


isted the glacier, rises 3,604 feet from the vall 


Ite Tes 


whose hard grani 


b) 


is gigantic rock 


Th 


(43) 


THE VALLEY INCOMPARABLE 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


BEAUTIFUL VERNAL FALLS 


(44) 


HE first view of most 
spots of unusual 
celebrity often falls 
short of expecta- 

tion, but this is seldom, if ever, 
true of the Yosemite Valley. 
The sheer immensity of the 
precipices on either side of the 
peaceful floor; the loftiness and 
the romantic suggestion of the 
numerous waterfalls; the maj- 
esty of the granite walls; and 
the unreal, almost fairy quality 
of the ever-varying whole can 
not be successfully foretold. 

This valley was once a tor- 
tuous river canyon. So rapidly 
was it cut by the Merced that 
the tributary valleys soon re- 
mained hanging high on either 
side. Then the canyon became 
the bed of a great glacier. It 
was widened as well as deepened, 
and the hanging character of the 
side valleys was accentuated. 

This explains the enormous 
height of the waterfalls. 

The Yosemite Falls, for in- 
stance, drops 1,430 feet in one 
sheer fall, a height equal to 
nine Niagara Falls piled one on 


top of the other. The Lower 
Yosemite Fall, immediately be- 


low, has a drop of 320 feet, 
or two Niagaras more. Vernal 
Falls has the same height. The 
Nevada Falls drops 594 feet 
sheer, and the celebrated Bridal- 
veil Falls 620 feet. Nowhere 
else in the world may be had a 
water spectacle such as this. 


atts 


Its Name Is Setr-E 


Tibb 


a. 


Photograph by H. 


VIDENT—IHE BRIDALVEIL FALLS 


(45) 


Photograph by H. C. Tibbitts 


Tenaya LAKE 


A Srrixinc View or Nevapa Fauus, Liserty Cap on Lert 
(46) 


Photograph by A. C. Pillsbury 
_. VERNAL AND Nevapa Fatts AND Hatr DoME FROM THE GLACIER Point TRAIL 


Photograph by J. V. Lloyd 


Tue New AHWAHNEE HOTEL 


Opened for service July 16, 1927 


(47) 


CHARM OF THE SCENIC WILD 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


THe Grizzty GIANT, THE BIGGEST 
YOSEMITE SEQUOIA 


UMMER in the Yosemite is 
unreal. The valley, with its 
foaming falls dissolving into 
mists, its calm forests hiding 

the singing river, its enormous granites 
peaked and domed against the sky, its 
sound of distant waters, is a thing of 
beauty. One has a sense of fairyland 
and the awe of infinity. 

Imagine Cathedral Rocks rising 
twenty-six hundred feet above the wild 
flowers, El Capitan thirty-six hundred 
feet, Sentinel Dome four thousand feet, 
Half Dome five thousand feet, and 
Clouds Rest six thousand feet! And 
among them, the waterfalls! 

Even the weather appears impossible; 
the summers are warm, but not too 
warm; dry, but not too dry; the nights 
cold and marvelously starry. 

A few miles away are the Big Trees, 
not the greatest groves nor the greatest 
trees, for those are in the Sequoia Na- 
tional Park, a hundred miles south, but 
three groves containing monsters which, 
next to Sequoia’s, are the hugest and the 
oldest living things. Of these the Grizzly 
Giant is king—whose diameter is nearly 
thirty feet, whose girth is over ninety- 
nine, and whose height is more than two 
hundred. Their presence commands the 
silence due to worship. 

Winter has become a feature in the 
life of the valley. Hotels are open to 
accommodate an increasing flow of vis- 
itors. The falls are still and frozen, the 
trees laden with snowy burdens. ‘The 
greens have vanished; the winter sun 
shines upon a glory of gray and white. 

Winter sports are now very popular 
on the floor of the valley. 


(48) 


Photograph by J. V. Lloyd 
On THE TOBOGGAN 


Winter sports are rapidly becoming popular on the floor of the valley 


Photograph by J. V. Lloyd 


WINTER SPORTS 


81741°—28 4 (49) 


LIVING IN THE WILDERNESS 


IVING is comfortable in the — 


Copyrighted, 1910, by J. T. Boysen 
WuHo’s ComInG? 


Copyrighted, 1910, by J. T. Boysen 
Woor! 


Yosemite. A luxurious new 
hotel, the Ahwahnee, was com- 
pleted in 1927 to care for both 
summer and winter visitors, and lodges 
offer excellent summer accommodations 
at more reasonable rates. Above the 
valley are lodges and camps at convenient 
intervals on road and trail. There is also 


a hotel on Glacier Point, overlooking the 


valley. 


The Yosemite is an excellent place to 


camp out. One may have choice of many 
kinds of mountain country. Nearly every- 
where the trout fishing is exceptionally 
fine. Camping outfits may be rented and 
supplies purchased in the valley. Garages 
for motorists and resthouses for hikers 
are located at convenient intervals. A 
number of free public automobile camp 


grounds have been made available by the 


Government. | 
A new all-year road into Yosemite 


Valley was opened to the public during 


the summer of 1927. 


TIOGA ROAD 


BOVE the north rim of the 
valley the old Tioga Road, 


which the Department of the ‘ 


Interior acquired in 1915 and 


put into good condition, crosses the park 


from east to west, affording a new route 
across the Sierra and opening to the pub- 
lic for the first time the magnificent scenic 
region in the north. 

The Tioga Road was built in 1881 to a 
mine soon after abandoned. For years it 


has been impassable. It is now the gate- — 


way to a wilderness heretofore accessible - 
only to campers. 
(50) 


5 


3 
2 


NORTH OF THEVALLEY’S RIM 


EFORE the restored Tioga Road made accessible the magnificent 

mountain and valley area constituting the northern half of the 

Yosemite National Park, this pleasure paradise was known to none 

except a few enthusiasts who penetrated its wilderness year after 

year with camping outfits. Motorists making the trip from the valley to Lake 
Tahoe now pass through this area. 

It is the region of rivers and lakes and granite domes and brilliantly polished 
glacial pavements. The mark of the glacier may be plainly traced on every 
hand. 

— It is the region of small glaciers, remnants of a gigantic past, of which there 
are several in the park. It is the region of rock-bordered glacier lakes of which 
there are more than two hundred and fifty. It is the region, above all, of 
small, rushing rivers and of the roaring, foaming, twisting Tuolumne, second 
only to the Merced. 

From the base of the Sierra crest, born of its snows, the Tuolumne River 
rushes westward roughly paralleling the Tioga Road. Midway it slants sharply 
down into the Tuolumne Canyon, forming in its mad course a water spectacle 
destined some day to world fame. 


Photograph by George Stone 


Troca Roap SCENERY 


(51) 


AWOQ ATIVE] dO MOVG AHL Lag] 


aHL NO ‘daWO(] TENILNAG AO 


MOVG AHL NaS Ag AVI LHOIY FHL NO 


‘ATY S,AGTIVA AHL JO HLNOS 
sm9qLT DO °H 89 ytvssoqyg 


(52) 


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SMOCVAJ. ANWOAION], GALVAEATAD AHI, 


SHIgqLL, “DH 84 ydvss004g 


(53) 


Photograph by W. L. Huber 


Tue Hic Sierra: View or Mount Rirrer From Kuna Crest 


Photograph by Herbert W. Gleason 


BeauTtirut Rocers LAKE AND REGULATION Peak IN THE NorTHern Part oF THE Park 
(54) 


Photograph by J. V. Lloyd 
FIisHING IN THE MeERcED RIVER 


oe ign ORME SRP 


A BEDCHAMBER IN YOSEMITE 


Travelers on the trails carry no tents because it does not rain. A sleeping-bag, a pine-needle mattress, a 
sheltered grove, and a ceiling of green leaves amply suttice 


(55) 


NOANV) ANNOTON, “ISAHMUILV\\ OIG FHL JO MAIA ASOTD V 


kangsyid ‘2 ‘¥ 9 ydvsdopoyg 


(56) 


Photograph by W. L. Huber 


THe WATERWHEEL BELOW CALIFORNIA FALLS 


MAD WATERS of TUOLUMNE 


N excellent trail leads from the Tioga Road down the Grand Canyon 

of the Tuolumne, famous for its leaping waters. 
Here the river, slanting sharply, becomes, in John Muir’s 
phrase, ‘‘one wild, exulting, onrushing mass of snowy purple bloom 
spreading over glacial waves of granite without any definite channel, gliding in 
magnificent silver plumes, dashing and foaming through huge bowlder dams, 
leaping high in the air in wheellike whirls, displaying glorious enthusiasm, tossing 
from side to side, doubling, glinting, singing in exuberance of mountain energy.” 


Photograph by A. C. Pillsbury 


A Parr or TUOLUMNE WATERWHEELS 
(57) 


THE EVERLASTING SNOWS_ 


UMMITS of perpetual 

snow are, for most Amer- 

icans, a new association 

with Yosemite. But the 
region’s very origin was that Sierra 
whose crest peaks on the park’s eastern 
boundary still shelter in shrunken old 
age the once all-powerful glaciers. 

Excelsior, Conness, Dana, Kuna, 
Blacktop, Lyell, Long—from the com- 
panionship of these great peaks de- 
scended the ice-pack of old and de- 
scend to-day the sparkling waters of 
the Tuolumne and the Merced. 

From their great summits. the 
climber beholds a sublime wilderness of 
crowded, towering mountains, a con- 
trast to the silent, uplifting valley as 
striking as mind can conceive. Ever- 
lasting snows fill the hollows between 
the peaks and spatter their jagged 
granite sides. The glaciers feed in- Phooi adh Been 
numerable small lakes. AscENDING Mount Lyeti 


Vy 


Photograph by J. V. Lloyd oa ‘ 
Haur Dome 1n WINTER | 


(58) Hg ot 


THE BI NAL PARK 


: 
c 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Nature Guipe Party at Concress Group oF Bic TREES IN GIANT FOREST 


(59) 


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Photograph by Rodney L 


Photograph by U. S. Geological Survey 
It Is tHE IDEAL ParRK FOR CAMPING 


LAND OF GIANT TREES 


ATURE’S forest masterpiece is John Muir’s designation of the giant 
tree after which is named the Sequoia National Park in middle 
eastern California. Here are found several large groves of the 
celebrated Sequoia gigantea, popularly known and widely celebrated 

as the Big Tree of California. 

More than a million of these trees grow within the park’s narrow confines, 
many of them mere babes of a few hundred years, many sturdy youths of a 
thousand years, many in the young vigor of two or three thousand years, and 
a few in full maturity. The principal entrances are Visalia and Exeter, Cali- 
fornia. 

Half a dozen miles away is the General Grant National Park, whose four 
square miles were set apart because they contained a magnificent grove of 
Big Trees, including the General Grant Tree, second only in size and age to the 
patriarch of all, the General Sherman. 

On Sequoia’s favored slopes grow other mammoth conifers. The sugar 
pine, yellow pine, and red and white firs attain a size which would distinguish 
them were they not in the company of the Big Trees. 

Sequoia is also the park of birds, and many interesting species are found 


here. 
(6x) 


THE BIGGEST THING ALIVE 


‘CRS 
Sas Fens 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 


Tue GENERAL SHERMAN TREE 


Probably the largest and oldest living thing in all the world 
(62) 


F the thousands, per- 
haps millions, of se- 
quoia trees, old and 
young, twelve thou- 

sand exceed ten feet in diameter. 
Muir states that a diameter of 
twenty feet and a height of two 
hundred and _ seventy-five is 
perhaps the average for mature 
and favorably situated trees, 
while trees twenty-five feet in 
diameter and approaching three 
hundred in height are not rare. 

But the greatest trees have 
these astonishing dimensions: 

General Sherman: Height, 
273.9 feet; base diameter, 37.3 
feet; diameter above bulge, 22.1 
feet. 

General Grant: Height, 266.6 
feet; base diameter, 40.3 feet; 
diameter above bulge, 21.7 feet. 

Abraham Lincoln: Diameter, 


31 feet; height, 270 feet. 


California: Diameter, 30 feet; 
height, 260 feet. | 

George Washington: Diam- 
eter, 29 feet; height, 255 feet. 

A little effort will help you 
realize these dimensions. Meas- 
ure and stake in front of a 
church the diameter of the 
General Sherman Tree. ‘Then 
stand back a distance equal to 
the tree’s height. Raise your 
eyes slowly and imagine this 
huge trunk rising in front of the 
church. | When you reach a 
point in the sky forty-five de- 
grees up from the spot on which 
you stand, you will have the 
tree’s height were it growing in 
front of your church. 


foe OLDEST THING ALIVE 


HE General Sherman 

Tree is perhaps the 

oldest living thing. 

At the birth of Moses 

it was probably a sapling. Its 

exact age can not be determined 

without counting the rings, but 

it is probably in excess of thirty- 

five hundred years and may be 

over five thousand years. When 

Christ was born, it was a lusty 

youth of at least fifteen hundred 
summers. 

There are many thousands 
of trees in the Sequoia National 
Park which were growing thrift- 
ily when Christ was born; hun- 
dreds which were flourishing 
while Babylon was in its prime; 
several which antedated the pyr- 
amids on the Egyptian desert. 

John Muir counted four thou- 
sand rings on one prostrate 
giant. his tree probably 
sprouted while the Tower of 
Babel was still standing. 

The sequoia is regular and 
symmetrical in general form. 
Its powerful, stately trunk is 
purplish to cinnamon brown 
and rises without a branch a 
hundred or a hundred and fifty 
feet—which is as high or higher 
than the tops of most forest 
trees. Its bulky limbs shoot 
boldly out on every side. Its 
foliage, the most feathery and 
delicate of all the conifers, is 
densely massed. 

The wood is almost inde- 
structible except by fire. 


Photograph by W. L. Huber 
THe GENERAL GRANT TREE 
Second in size and age to the General Sherman Tree 
(63) 


Photograph by George F. Belden 


‘DEEP IN THE Woopy WILDERNESS” 


WILDERNESS OF GIANTS 


ERSONS who have been in the Mariposa Grove in the Yosemite 

National Park have seen Big Trees of the noblest type; but only in 

the Giant Forest of the Sequoia National Park will they see them in 

the impressive glory of massed multitude and wildest grandeur. To 

walk and wonder through these woods, even for a few ae is to feel an emotion 
which can be duplicated nowhere else. 

It is not the Big Trees alone, as in the Mariposa Grove, that stir the ant 
but the bewildering and climatic repetition of giants rising singly or superbly 
grouped from a dense and seemingly endless forest of noble growths of many 
other kinds. , 

Without the sequoias this forest would be notable. With their constant 
unexpected repetition the effect is dramatic, even breath-taking. Many of the 
largest trees are casually met as the visitor winds through the aisles of pine, 
and their sudden appearance is the more dramatic because of the freedom of their 
red pillared stems from the bright green flowing moss upon the trunks and 
branches of the uncountable pines. | 

Until July, 1916, when Congress appropriated $50,000 fer the purchase of a 
part of the private holdings in the Giant Forest, it was our national misfortune 
and peril that most of these mammoth trees remained the property of individuals. 
The balance of the property was purchased for $20,000 by the National Geo- 
graphic Society and donated to the United States. 


(64) 


“iia oe 4 


by Lindley Eddy 


Photograph 


VISTAS OF THE GIANT FOREST 


Many of these trees were growing thriftily when Christ was 
81741°—28——5 (65) 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Auta PEAK FRoM Moro Rock 


Photograph by H. C. Tibbitts 


Atta Meapows Near THE Giant Forest 
(66) 


' Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
; SUNSET FROM THE Rim oF Marsie Fork CANYON 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Jupce Watrer Fry Freepinc DEER IN Giant FOREST 
(67) 


precepts 


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Photograph by Lindley Eddy 


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Photograph by H. E. Roberts 


SEQuOIA AND Fir IN THE GENERAL Grant NATIONAL PaRK 


69) 


( 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 


Juniper TREES AT Hamitton LAKE 
(70) 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 


SrarnwAy up Moro Rock 
(71) 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 


ndestruct! except by fire. This tree may have been prostrate for many centuries 
(73) 


This trunk measures 288 feet. Sequoia wood is almost 1 
(72) 


GENERAL’S HIGHWAY EN RouUTE TO GIANT FOREST 
(74) 


THE GREATER SEQUOIA 


O the north and east of the original Sequoia National Park lay an 
area of extraordinarily scenic country. Just as the park was 
supreme in its forest luxuriance, so the outlying country was supreme 

| in rock-sculptured canyon and snowy summit. 
Part of this area, including Kern Canyon and Mount Whitney, was added 
to the park in 1926, increasing it to an area of six hundred and four square miles. 
Thus was acquired the Kern Canyon—a Yosemitelike valley thirty miles in 
length—the whole of the Upper Kaweah watershed with the River Valley and 
Kaweah Peaks, and Mount Whitney. : 
Sequoia Park now contains the largest trees, and outside of Alaska, the 
largest mountain in the United States. It also has the greatest range in altitude 
of any of our national parks—from one thousand three hundred feet at the park 
boundary near Ash Mountain headquarters to fourteen thousand five hundred 
and two feet at the summit of Mount Whitney. 


Photograph by H. C. Tibbitts 


Tue GoLpEN Trout CREEK 


The trout caught here are brilliantly golden. Many lakes and streams in the park have been stocked from 
this near-by stream 


(75) 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Bic Kern Laxe, Looxinc Nortn up Kern River Canyon 


(76) 


Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Looxinc NortHEAST Down Kern RIVER FROM RATTLESNAKE TRAIL 


(77) 


KERN and KAWEAH CANYONS 


HE Sierras contain many of those glaciated canyons to which John 

Muir gave the general designation of ‘‘yosemites’’ from the chief of 

them all—the Yosemite Valley. Two of the most notable of these 

yosemites were added to the Sequoia Park in 1926. These are the 

Kern Canyon and the Upper Kaweah Canyon or River Valley. ‘The former is over 

thirty miles long with three thousand feet cliffs sculptured and painted in many 

forms and colors, and it contains the finest fishing stream in the Sierras—the Kern 
River with native rainbow trout up to nine or ten pounds in weight. 

The Upper Kaweah Canyon contains in River Valley, Cliff Creek, Granite 
Creek, and other tributaries several true yosemites, with cliffs and domes tower- 
ing thousands of feet above valley floors, streams, and lakes. This region is 
within a day’s journey of the Big Tree groves at Giant Forest and is reached by 


excellent trails. 


Ss en Sy oa j 
Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
Looxinc Down Kern RivErR—KeErn Dome 1n DISTANCE 


(78) 


od tate 


Lion PrEak FROM MINERS Pass 


Upper Enp or Mippite Fork or Kaweau RIVER 


(79) 


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Photograph by Emerson Hough 
SumMi1T oF Mount Wuitnevy. 


THe Stone SHELTER ON Mount WuitNEy’s 
(82) 


MOUNT RAIN 


IER 


NATIONAL 


PARK 


(83) 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio 


A Rippuinc River or Ice 400 Feet Tuicx Fiow1nc From THE SHINING SUMMIT 


Looking from a wild-flower slope down upon the celebrated Nisqually Glacier and up at Columbia Crest 
(84) 


“SKYLINE TRAIL | 


ae National Park 


Party Reapy TO START ON SKYLINE TRAIL TRIP 


THE FROZEN OCTOPUS 


ROM the Cascade Mountains in Washington rises a series of vol- 
canoes which once blazed across the sea like giant beacons. To- 
day, their fires quenched, they suggest a stalwart band of Knights 
of the Ages, helmeted in snow, armored in ice, standing at parade 

upon a carpet patterned gorgeously in wild flowers. 

Easily chief of this knightly band is Mount Rainier, a giant towering 
fourteen thousand four hundred and eight feet above tidewater in Puget Sound. 
Home-bound sailors far at sea mend their courses from his silver summit. 

This mountain has a glacier system far exceeding in size and impressive 
beauty that of any other in the United States. From its snow-covered summit 
twenty-eight rivers of ice pour slowly down its sides. Seen upon the map, 
as if from an airplane, one thinks of it as an enormous frozen octopus stretching 
icy tentacles down upon every side among the rich gardens of wild flowers and 
splendid forests of firs and cedars below. 


(85) 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio 


Group oF Hixers Near Epirx Fats ey 


ae ae 


Photograph by Curtis & Miller 
From UnpER THE SHADOWY F IRs 


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Photograph by Curtis §§ Miller ; f . 


a 4 
ONE OF THE GREAT SPECTACLES OF America Is Mount RAINIER, FROM INDIAN HENRY UNTING Grounp, GLISTENING AGAINST THE SKY AND PicrurEepD AGAIN In Mirror LAKE 
- 
(88) (89) 


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Photograph by Ranapar Studio. 


Party Out on THE GtaciAL IcE 
The guides who take parties out on the glaciers are familiar with all ridges and crevasses 


(92) . 


THE GIANT RIVERS OF ICE 


VERY winter the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific, suddenly 
cooled against its summit, deposit upon Rainier’s top and sides 
enormous snows. ‘These, settling in the mile-wide crater which 
was left after an explosion in some prehistoric age which carried 

away perhaps two thousand feet of the volcano’s former height, press with 
overwhelming weight down the mountain’s sloping sides. 

Thus are born the glaciers, for the snow under its own pressure quickly 
hardens intoice. Through twenty-eight valleys, self-carved in the solid rock, 
flow these rivers of ice, now turning, as rivers of water turn, to avoid the harder 
rock strata, now roaring over precipices like congealed water falls, now rip- 
pling, like water currents, over rough bottoms, pushing, pouring relentlessly 
on until they reach those parts of their courses where warmer air turns them 


into rivers of water. 
There are forty-eight square miles of these glaciers. 


ee 


Photograph by Curtis F Miller 
Snout or NisquaLty GLACIER WHERE THE NISQUALLY River BEGINS 
(93) 


Photograph by Curtis F Miller { 
CLOSE TO THE SUMMIT OF Mount RAINIER 


7 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio ‘“ . 
LEAVING FOR THE SUMMIT 


Party at the foot of Pinnacle Glacier. Paradise Valley in distance with Mount Rainier — j 


rising above into the clouds 


(94) ae 


IN AN ARCTIC WONDERLAND 


OUNT RAINIER 
is nearly three miles 
high measured from 
sea level. It rises 

nearly two miles from its im- 
mediate base. Once it was a 
finished cone like the famous 
Fujiyama, the sacred mountain 
of Japan. Then it was prob- 
ably sixteen thousand feet high. 
Indian legends tell of the great 
eruption. 

In addition to the twenty- 
eight named glaciers there are 
others yet unnamed and little 
known. Few visitors have 
seen the wonderful north side, 
a photograph of which will be 
found on a later page. It pos- 
sesses possibilities for the de- 
velopment of a route to Co- 
lumbia Crest, the wonderful 
snow-covered summit which is 
the third highest summit in 
the United States. 

Many interesting things 
might be told of the glaciers 
were therespace. Forexample, 
several species of minute insects 
live in the ice, hopping about 
like tiny fleas. They are harder 
to see than the so-called sand 
fleas at the seashore because 
much smaller. Slender, dark- 
brown worms live in countless 
millions in the surface ice. 
Microscopic rose-colored plants 
also thrive in such great num- 
bers that they tint the surface 
here and there, making what is 
commonly called ‘‘red snow.” 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio 
CoASTING AT PARADISE VALLEY 


(95) 


GLACIER AND WILD FLOWER 


ROBABLY no glacier of large size in the world is so quickly, easily, 

and comfortably reached as the most striking and celebrated, 

P though by no means the largest, of Mount Rainier’s, the Nisqually 
Glacier. It descends directly south from the snowy summit in a 

long curve, its lower finger reaching into parklike glades of luxuriant wild 
flowers. From Paradise Park one may step directly upon its fissured surface. 

The Nisqually Glacier is five miles long and at Paradise Park is half a 
mile wide. Glistening white and fairly smooth at its shining source on the 
mountain’s summit, its surface here is soiled with dust and broken stone and 
squeezed and rent by terrible pressure into fantastic shapes. Innumerable 
crevasses, or cracks many feet deep, break across it caused by the more rapid 
movement of the glacier’s middle than its edges; for glaciers, like rivers of 
water, develop swifter currents nearer midstream. 

Professor Le Conte tells us that the movement of Nisqually Glacier in 
summer averages, at midstream, about sixteen inches a day. It is far less at 
the margins, its speed being retarded by the friction of the sides. | 

Like all glaciers, the Nisqually gathers on its surface masses of rock with 
which it strews its sides just as rivers of water strew their banks with rocks and 
floating débris. These are called lateral moraines, or side moraines. Some- 
times glaciers build lateral moraines miles long. The. Nisqually ice is four hun- 
dred feet thick in places. ) , 

The rocks which are carried in midstream to the a of the glacier and 
dropped when the ice melts are called the terminal moraine. | 

The end, or snout, of the glacier thus always lies among a great mass of 
rocks and stones. The Nisqually River generally flows from a cave in the end 
of the Nisqually Glacier’s snout. The river is dark brown when it first appears 
because it carries sediment and powdered rock which, however, it soon deposits, 
becoming clear. 

But this brief picture of the Mount Rainier ‘Natioaal Park would miss its 
loveliest touch without some notice of the wild-flower parks lying at the base, 
and often reaching far up between the icy fingers, of Mount Rainier. 

“Above the forests,’ writes John Muir, the celebrated naturalist, “there 
is a zone of the loveliest flowers, fifty miles in circuit and nearly two miles 
wide, so closely planted and luxurious that it seems as if nature, glad to make 
an open space between woods so dense and ice so deep, were economizing the 
precious ground and trying to see how many of her darlings she can get 
together in one mountain wreath—daisies, anemones, columbine, erythroniums, 
larkspurs, etc., among which we wade knee-deep and waist-deep, the bright 
corollas in myriads touching petal to petal. Altogether this is the richest 
subalpine garden I have ever found, a perfect flower elysium.”’ 


(96) 


Photograph by Curtis J Miller 
Mount Apams FROM Mount RarinrER—Forty MILes SOUTHWARD 


81741°—28 iI (97) 


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Photograph by Curtis F Miller 
BEAUTIFUL PARADISE VALLEY SHOWING THE TaToosH RIDGE 


Photograph by Curtis F Miller 
Timper Line AND FLOWER FIeELps IN BEAUTIFUL PARADISE VALLEY 


(99) 


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(100) 


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(101) 


Photograph by A. H. Barnes 


Snow Cups 


(102) 


ORTH-SIDE GEM OF BEAUTY 


Mowicu Lake, a N 


ALASKA Doc TEAM IN PARADISE VALLEY 


inter sports season 


f the w 


iversions oO 


ing on this sledge is one of the popular d 


id 


R 


(103) 


Photograbh by Ranapar Studio 


ParapisE INN, IN PaRADISE VALLEY ee ee ee 


Only 15 minutes’ walk from Nisqually Glacier, which may be seen crushing down the 
mountain side 


(104) 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio 


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EASIEST GLACIERS TO SEE 


HE Mount Rainier National Park is so accessible that one may 
get a brief close-by glimpse in one day. ‘The railroad slogan, “Four 
hours from Tacoma to the Glaciers,’ tells the story. a 

But no one, unless under dire necessity, should think of being so 


near one of the greatest spectacles in nature without sparing several days for 
a real look; several weeks is none too long. ‘Thousands of Americans in nor- 


mal years go to Switzerland to see glaciers much harder to reach and far less 

satisfactory to study. ae 
Excellent roads carry the visitor by autostage from the coast cities and 

railway terminus to the several hotels and camps, which are so located that the 


principal scenic points on the south side may be easily reached. Other scenic — 


wonderlands of the great playground are being made accessible by new roads 
under construction. . 


Pedestrians and horseback riders also follow trails through the gorgeous — 
wild-flower parks, Paradise Valley, Indian Henrys Hunting Ground, Van — 


Trump Park, Cowlitz Park, Ohanapecosh River and its hot springs, Summer- 


land, Grand Park, Moraine Park, Elysian Fields, Spray Park, Natural Bridge, © 


Cataract Basin, St. Andrews Park, and others, developing new points of view 
of wonderful glory. , 


Photograph by Ranapar Studio 
A SECTION OF THE PARADISE PuBLIC Camp GROUNDS 
(106) 


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(107) 


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Photograph by Fred H 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Tue PHantom SHip—STRANDED On a Macic SHORE 


THE LAKE OF MYSTERY 


RATER LAKE is the deepest and the bluest fresh-water lake in 

the world. It measures two thousand feet of solid water, and the 

intensity of its color is unbelievable even while you look at it. 

Its cliffs from sky line to surface average over a thousand feet high. 
It has no visible inlet or outlet, for it occupies the hole left when, in the dim 
ages before man, a volcano collapsed and disappeared within itself. 

It is a gem of wonderful color in a setting of pearly lavas relieved by patches 
of pine green and snow white—a gem which changes hue with every atmospheric 
change and every shift of light. 

There are crater lakes in other lands; in Italy, for instance, in Germany, 
India, and Hawaii. The one lake of its kind in the United States is by far 
the finest of its kind in the world. It is one of the most distinguished spots 
in a land notable for the nobility and distinction of its scenery. 

Crater Lake lies in southern Oregon. The volcano whose site it has 
usurped was one of a “noble band of fire mountains, which, like beacons, once 
blazed along the Pacific coast.’’ Because of its unique character and quite 
extraordinary beauty it was made a national park in 1902. 


(109) 


Photograph by Patterson 


Tue Sun Piays WonpERFUL Tricks WitTH Licuts AND SHADOWS 
(110) 


eee, SEA OF SILENCE”? 


EARLY every visitor to Crater Lake, even the most prosaic, describes 
it as mysterious. To those who have not seen it, the adjective is 
difficult to analyze, but the fact remains. 

The explanation may lie in Crater Lake’s remarkable color 
scheme. The infinite range of grays, silvers, and pearls in the carved and 
fretted lava walls, the glinting white of occasional snow patches, the olives 
and pine greens of woods and mosses, the vivid, cloud-flecked azure of the 
sky, and the lake’s thousand shades of blue, from the brilliant turquoise of its 
edges to the black blue of its depths of deepest shadow, strike into silence 
the least impressionable observers. ‘‘’The Sea of Silence,’ Joaquin Miller calls 
Crater Lake. 

With changing conditions of sun and air, this amazing spectacle changes 
key with the passing hours; and it is hard to say which is its most rapturous 
condition of beauty, that of cloudless sunshine or that of twilight shadow; 
or of what intermediate degree, or of storm or of shower or of moonlight or 
of starlight. At times the scene changes magically while you watch. 


Photograph by Patterson 


EvenING SHADOWS 
(111) 


Copyright by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 
A Scenic Tapestry VIEWED FROM THE Rim TRAIL 


(112) 


Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 
CLIFFS OF A THousAND Pearty Hues FAntTasTICALLy CARVED 


81741 °—28——8 (113) 


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STORY OF MOUNT MAZAMA 


EW of the astonishing pictures which geology has restored for us 
of this world in its making are so startling as that of Mount 

F Mazama, which once reared a smoking peak many thousands of 

feet above the present peaceful level of Crater Lake. There were 
many noble volcanoes in the range: Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mount 
Adams, Mount St. Helens, Lassen Peak, Mount Mazama, Mount Hood, Mount 
Shasta. Once their vomitings built the great Cascade Mountains. To-day, 
cold and silent, they stand wrapped in shining armor of ice. ? 

But not all. One is missing. Where Mount Mazama reared his noble 
head, there is nothing—until you climb the slopes once his foothills, and gaze 
spellbound over the broken lava cliffs into the lake which lies magically where 
once he stood. ‘The story of the undoing of Mount Mazama, of the birth of 
this wonder lake, is one of the great stories of the earth. 

- Mount Mazama fell into itself. It is as if some vast cavern formed in the 
earth's seething interior into which the entire volcano suddenly slipped. The 
imagination of Doré might have reproduced some hint of the titanic spectacle 
of the disappearance of a mountain fifteen thousand feet in height. 

When Mount Mazama collapsed into this vast hole, leaving clean cut the 
edges which to-day are Crater Lake’s surrounding cliffs, there was instantly a 
surging back. The crumbling lavas were forced again up the huge chimney. 

‘But not all the way. The vent became jammed. In three spots only did 
the fires emerge again. Three small volcanoes formed in the hollow. 

But these in turn soon choked and cooled. During succeeding ages springs 
poured their waters into the vast cavity, and Crater Lake was born. Its rising 
waters covered two of the small volcanic cones. The third still emerges. It 
is called Wizard Island. 


Scott Ph. 
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Glacier Pk. 
gli 


Llao Rock 


25 hi 


Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 


SUNSET 


THE LEGEND OF Gee 


CCORDING to the legend of the Klamath and Modoc Indians 
the mystic land of Gaywas was the home of the great god Llao. 
His throne in the infinite depths of the blue waters was surrounded 
by his warriors, giant crawfish able to lift great claws out of the 

water and seize too venturesome enemies on the cliff tops. 
War broke out with Skell, the god of the neighboring Klamath Marshes. 
Skell was killed and his heart used for a ball by Llao’s monsters. But an 
eagle, one of Skell’s servants, captured it in flight, and escaped with it; and 


Skell’s body grew again around his living heart. Once more he was powerful, 


and once more he waged war against the God of the Lake. 

Then Llao was captured; but he was not so fortunate. Upon the highest 
cliff his body was torn into fragments and cast into the lake, and eaten by 
his own monsters under the belief that it was Skell’s body. But when Llao’s 
head was thrown in, the monsters recognized it, and would not eat it. 

Llao’s head still lies in the lake, and white men call it Wizard Island. 


And the cliff where Llao was torn to pieces is named Llao Rock. 
(116) 


Ee a ee a 


Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 
OFTEN THE TREES ARE AS GNARLED AND KNOTTED AS THE CLIFFS THEY GROW ON 
(117) 


Photograph by U.S. Bachan Seroice 
Looxinc Down INTO THE CRATER OF Wi1zARD ISLAND 


VIEWED FROM THE RIM 


EVERAL days may profitably be spent upon the rim of the lake, 
which one may travel afoot, on horseback, or by automobile. The 
endless variety of lava formations and of color variation may be 
here studied to the best advantage. 

The temperature of the water has been the subject of much investigation. 
The average observations of years show that, whatever may be the surface 
variations, the temperature of the water below a depth of three hundred feet 
continues approximately thirty-nine degrees the year around. This disposes 
of the theory that the depths of the lake are affected by volcanic heat. 

“Apart from its attractive scenic features,” writes J. S. Diller of the United 
States Geological Survey, “Crater Lake affords one of the most interesting 
and instructive fields for the study of volcanic geology to be found anywhere 
in the world. Considered in all its aspects, it ranks with the Grand Canyon 
of the Colorado, the Yosemite Valley, and the Falls of Niagara, but with an 


individuality that is superlative.”’ 
(118) 


Copyright by Patterson 
PinnacLe Formations In SAND CREEK VALLEY, ForMED By EROSION 
(119) 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


TH 
GENERAL View Across Crater Lake NEAR SENTINEL Rock, SHOWING SME NortHern SHore Line, witH Rep Cone 1n THE MippLE Distance 
et or mec. 


These cliffs vary from a thousand to twelve hundred feet high, occasionally rising to two thousand fe The first effect of a view across the lake is to fill the observer with awe and a deep sense of mystery 


(120) (121) 


Copyright by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. - 
CLOSE-UP VIEW OF PHANTOM SHIP, WITH WIZARD ISLAND IN BACKGROUND 


Copyright by Fred Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 


WizArRp ISLAND 


A volcano built up within a volcano—a crater within a crater 
(122) 


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991849 UO1DUDIIIN mn a &q yG0413010Y J 


(123) 


Copyright by Fred H. Kiser 


Tue Bears Are THE Most INTERESTING OF THE Park’s WiL_p ANIMALS 


(124) 


1cé 


1 Park Sero 
Tue Morsrure-LApEN WINDS FROM THE Paciric Deposir THEIR SNow BuRDEN UPON EVERYTHING 


1ONA 


Photograph by Nat 


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Nat 
Tue WINTER Contrast BETWEEN THE SNOW BuRDENED CLIFFS AND TREES AND THE Dark WATER IS 


Photograph by 


VERY STRIKING 


(125) 


THE MINE OF BEA 


Copyright by Patterson 


Virw FROM THE Rim Roan, WuicH ComMpLeTELY ENcIRCLES 
THE LAKE 
(126) 


RATER LAKH is seen 
in its glory from a 
launch. One may.float 
for days upon its sur- 
face without sating one’s sense of 
delighted surprise; for all is new 
again with every change of light. 
The Phantom Ship, for instance, 
sometimes wholly disappears. 
Now it is there, and a few minutes 
after, with new slants of light, it 
is gone—a phantom indeed. So 
it is with many headlands and 
ghostlike palisades. ‘ 

This lake was not discovered 
until 1853. Eleven Californians 
had undertaken once more the 
search for the famous, perhaps 
fabulous, Lost Cabin Mine. For 
many years parties had been 
searching the Cascades; again they 
had come into the Rogue River 
region. With all their secrecy 
their object became known, and 
a party of Oregonians was hastily 
organized to stalk them and share 
their find. The Californians dis- 
covered the pursuit and divided 
their party. The Oregonians did 
the same. It became a game of 
hide-and-seek. When provisions 
were nearly exhausted all the par- 
ties joined forces. 

“Suddenly we came in sight 
of water,’ writes J. W. Hillman, 
then the leader of the combined 
party; “we were much surprised, 
as we did not expect to see any 
lakes and did not know but that 
we had come in sight of and close 
to Klamath Lake. Not until my 


Photograph by Fred H, Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 


THE Favorite Way To SEE THE SCULPTURED Cuirrs Is From A Motor Boat 


mule stopped within a few feet of the rim of Crater Lake did I look down, 
and if I had been riding a blind mule I firmly believe I would have ridden over 
the edge to death.” 

It is interesting that the discoverers quarreled on the choice of a name, 
dividing between Mysterious Lake and Deep Blue Lake. The advocates of Deep 
Blue Lake won the vote, but in 1869 a visiting party from Jacksonville renamed 
it Crater Lake, and this, by natural right, became its title. 


HOTELS AND CAMPS 


_ . Crater Lake is accessible by both rail and highway. There are three 
excellent roads coming in the west, south, and east entrances. Comfortable 
hotel accommodations are available on the rim of the lake, and rental cabins, 
cafeteria, store, stage line, and boat service are also provided for the comfort of 
visitors. ‘The Government maintains a free automobile camp ground for the 


visiting motorist. 
(127) 


HARD-FIGHTING TROUT 


HIS magnificent body of cold fresh water originally contained no 
fish of any kind. A small crustacean was found in large numbers 
in its waters, the suggestion, no doubt, upon which was founded 
the Indian legend of the gigantic crawfish which formed the body- 


guard of the great god Llao. 


In 1888 Will G. Steel brought trout fry from a ranch fifty miles away, 


Photograph by Patterson 


THERE ARE NINE ForESTED Camp GROUNDS IN THE PaRK 
(128) 


but no fish were seen in 
the lake for more than 
a dozen years. Thena 
few were taken, one of 


~which was fully thirty 


inches long. 

Since then trout have 
been taken in _ ever- 
increasing numbers, 
both by fly casting 
and trolling. Rainbow 
trout vary from one to 
ten pounds in weight. 

The Rogue River, 
which has its source 
partially within the 
park, is one of the most 
famous trout streams in 
the world, being the 
home of the phenome- 
nally game steelhead. 

Anglers of experience 
in western fishing have 
testified that, pound for 
pound, the trout taken 
in the cold deep waters 
of -.Crater Lake. ~are 
about the hardest-fight- 
ing trout of all. Some 
fish may be taken from 
the shore of Crater 
Lake, but the best fish- 
ing is to be had from 
boats. 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Seroice 
At THE Foot or THE TRAIL FRoM CRATER LAKE LODGE 


81741°—28——9 (129) 


Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 


Across THE LAKE From THE Rm Roap 


[ Copyright by Patterson 


PES: CRATER Lake Lopce on THE Rim, 1,000 Freer Asove tHe LAKE 
- A 40 by. 60 foot lounge occupies the entire ground floor of the central unit of the building, without pillar or post 


; and contains what is said to be the largest fireplace in Oregon 


? 


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Photograph by F. C. Jeep 


YESTERDAY AND To-Day 


COMMUNITIES of thePAST 


NE December day in 1888 Richard and Alfred Wetherell, searching 
for lost cattle on the Mesa Verde southwest of Mancos, Colorado, 
pushed through dense growths on the edge of a deep canyon and 

_|} shouted aloud in astonishment. Across the canyon, tucked into 
a shelf under the overhanging edge of the opposite brink, were the walls and 
towers of what seemed to them a palace. They named it Cliff Palace. 

Forgetting the cattle in their excitement, they searched the mesa in all 
directions. Near by, under the overhanging edge of another canyon, they 
found a similar group, no less majestic, which they named Spruce Tree House 
because a large spruce grew out of the ruins. 

Thus were discovered the most elaborate and best-preserved prehistoric 
cliff-dweller ruins in America, if not in the world. 

A careful search of the entire Mesa Verde in the years following has resulted 
in many other finds of interest and importance. In 1906 Congress set aside 
the region as a national park. Even yet its treasures of antiquity are not all 
known. A remarkable temple to the sun was unearthed in 1915. 


(133) 


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Photograph by Geo. L. Beam, Denver, Colo. 
Tue Sun Tempce, Looxinc Nortueast. 
(136) 


SHOWING AT LEFT THE STUMP OF CEDA TREE witH 360 ANNULAR Rincs Wuicu Was Cut Down Durinc ExcavaTION 


(137) 


ene 


SPRUCE TREE House Was Ampty ProTecTeD FROM THE Heavy WINTER SNOws 


(138) 


THE STORY OF THE MESAS 


HOSE who 
have trav- 
eled through 
our South- 

western States have 
seen from the car win- 
dows innumerable 
mesas or isolated pla- 
teaus rising abruptly for 
hundreds of feet from 
the bare and _ often 
arid plains. The word 
‘mesa’? is Spanish for 


table. _ Once the level 


of these mesa tops was 
the level of all of. this 
vast southwestern coun- 


try, but the rains and 


floods of centuries have 
washed away the softer 
earths down to its pres- 
ent level, leaving stand- 
ing only the rocky spots 
or those so covered with 
surface rocks that the 
rains could not reach 
the softer strata under- 
neath. 


geek 


Navajo InpIANsS CONSTITUTE THE BULK OF THE PARK’S 
Lagporinc Forces. AT THE EVENING Camp Fire THEY’ 
Give THEIR YEBECHAI DANCE 


The Mesa Verde (called verde or green because of the heavy forest cover) 
is one of the great mesas, being approximately fifteen miles long and eight miles 
wide, and perhaps the most widely known in the Southwest. The surface of this 
great table-land, rising abruptly one thousand to two thousand five hundred feet 
above the surrounding valleys, is gashed by a great series of precipitous canyons, 
and in the great caves in the sheer canyon walls the ruins of the ancient cliff 
dwellers are found. ‘The most important ruins are located in Rock, Long, 
Wickiup, Navajo, Spruce, Soda, Moccasin, and tributary canyons. 


(139) 


IN THE CLIFF DWELLINGS 


IFE must have been difficult in this dry country when the Mesa 

Verde communities flourished in the sides of these sandstone cliffs. 

|. Game was scarce and hunting arduous. The Mancos River yielded 

a few fish. The earth contributed berries or nuts. Water was 

rare and found only in sequestered places near the heads of the canyons. 

Nevertheless, the inhabitants cultivated their farms and raised their corn, 

which they ground on flat stones called metates. They baked their bread on 

flat stone griddles. They boiled their meat in well-made vessels some of which 
were artistically decorated. 

Their life was difficult, but confidently did they peliewé that they were 
dependent upon the gods to make the rain fall and the corn grow. They 
were a religious people who worshipped the sun as the father of all and the - 
earth as the mother who brought them all their material blessings. They pos- 
sessed no written language and could only record their thoughts by a few sym- 
bols which they painted on their earthenware jars or scratched on the rocks. 

As their sense of beauty was keen, their art, though primitive, was true; 
rarely realistic, generally symbolic. Their decoration of cotton fabrics and 
ceramic work might be called beautiful, even when judged by the highly devel- 
oped taste of to-day. They fashioned axes, spear points, and rude tools of 
stone; they wove sandals and made attractive basketrv. , 

They were not content with rude buildings and had long outgrown the 
caves that satisfied less civilized Indians farther north and south of them. — 

The photographs of Cliff Palace on the following three pages will show not — 
only the protection afforded by the overhanging cliffs but the general scheme 
of community living. 

The population was composed of a series of units, possibly clans, each of 
which had its own social organization more or less distinct from the others. 
Each had ceremonial rooms, called kivas. Each also had living rooms and 
storerooms. There were twenty-three social units or clans in Cliff Palace. 

The kivas were the rooms where the men spent most of the time devoted 
to ceremonies, councils, and other gatherings. ‘The religious fraternities were 


limited to the men of a clan. 
(140) 


Curr Patace Wiru Irs Two HunprRED anp Two Rooms anp [Twenty-ITHREE Kivas 
Is THE LARGEST AND Best PRESERVED OF THE Known CLIFF DWELLINGS 


(141) 


Photograph by Geo. L. Beam, Denver, Colo. 


Sun TEMPLE ON ExtrReME RIGHT 


. 
b] 


Looxinc Across CiirF CANYON FROM CLIFF PALACE 


IN DIsTANCE ON Top oF CLIFF 


(x42) 


Photograph by Arthur Chapman 
THE SPEAKER CuleF’s House Occupies A COMMANDING PosiTION IN CLIFF PALACE 


4 


Re é ae 


Photograph by Arthur Ch oman 


NorTHEAST QUARTER OF CLIFF PALACE 


(143) 


Photograph by T. G. Lemmon 
STONES FROM SUN TEMPLE COVERED WITH GEOMETRICAL AND EMBLEMATICAL DEsIGNs 


THE MESA’S LITTLE PEOPLE 


NDIANS of to-day shun the ruins of the Mesa Verde. They believe 
them inhabited by spirits whom they call the Little People. It is 
vain to tell them that the Little People were probably their own 
ancestors; they refuse to believe it. S 

When the national park telephone line was building in 1915 the Indians 
were greatly excited. Coming to the Superintendent’s office, they shook their 
heads ominously. 

The poles wouldn’t stand up, they declared. Why? Because the Little 
People wouldn’t like such an uncanny thing as a telephone. 4 

But poles were standing, the Superintendent pointed out. All right, the — 
Indians replied, but wait. The wires wouldn’t talk. Little People wouldn’t — 
like it, tte 
The poles were finally all in and the wires strung. What was more, the 
wires actually did talk and are still talking. e 

Never mind, say the Indians, with unshaken faith. Never mind. Wait. 
That’s all. It will come. The Little People may stand it—for a while. But 
wait. The Superintendent is still waiting. 


(144) 


Photograph by F. C. Jeep 
ConsTRUCTIVE DETAIL oF SouTH WALL, SUN TEMPLE 


DISCOVERY OF SUN TEMPLE 


NTIL the summer of 1915 no structures had been discovered in 
the Mesa Verde except those of the cliff-dwelling type. Then the 
Department of the Interior explored a mound on the top of the 
mesa opposite Cliff Palace and unearthed Sun Temple. Dr. J. 

Walter Fewkes, who conducted the exploration, believes that this was built 
about 1300 A. D. and marks the final stage in Mesa Verde development. 

Sun Temple was a most important discovery. It marked a long advance 
toward civilization. It occupied a commanding position convenient to many 
large inhabited cliff dwellings. Its masonry showed growth in the art of con- 
struction. Its walls were embellished by geometrical figures carved in rock. 

New types of ruins antedating by centuries: those of the Cliff Dwellers 
have been found more recently. The new park: museum contains exhibits of 
the artifacts of all these cultural types. | 


DRAWING SHOWING CONSTRUCTIVE DETAIL OF SUN TEMPLE 


81741°—28——10 (145) 


MopeE.t or Far View House 


Photograph by George L. Beam 


EXxcAVATING Far ViEw HousE ON THE Top OF THE MESA 


(146) 


Spruce TREE House Hives UnpEerR A HuGE OVERHANGING CLIFF 


THE PRINCIPAL DWELLINGS 


LIFF PALACE is the most celebrated of the Mesa Verde ruins 
because it is the largest and most prominent. Others are no less 
interesting and important. Spruce Tree House is next in size; 
Balcony House and Square Tower House are equally well preserved. 

There are hundreds of others, some of which have yet to be thoroughly explored; 

probably some are still undiscovered. 

Cliff Palace is three hundred feet long; Spruce Tree House two hundred and 
sixteen. Cliff Palace contained over two hundred rooms; Spruce Tree House 
a hundred and fourteen. Spruce Tree House originally had three stories. 
Its population was probably three hundred and fifty. 

The Round Tower in Cliff Palace is an object of unusual interest. 

The kivas or ceremonial rooms were usually round, subterranean rooms of 
more or less uniform size, construction, and arrangement. Except ina few notable 


cases they were entered by means of a ladder through the roof or hatchway. 
(147) 


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Photograph by Arthur Chapman 


Front FAcADE oF SpRUCE TREE HousE 
(148 


DESCENDING THE KwniFE-EpcE Curr To PHOTOGRAPH A GOLDEN Eac.Le’s NEsT 


(149) 


Photograph by John P. Dods 
Most or Mesa VERDE’s TRAVEL Is BY 


Photograph by John P. Dods 


Navajo WEAVERS CoME TO THE PARK TO 
(50) 


Photographs by J. L. Nusbaum 
TypicaL SKULLS OF PrEHIsTORIC Man Founp 1n THE Mesa VERDE 


The use of an unpadded cradle-board in childhood flattened the rear of the skull, giving 
unusual breadth to the face. Nordenskidld concludes that the race was fairly 
robust, with heavy skeletons and strong muscular processes. The facial bones are 
well developed and lower jaw heavy 


MESA VERDE’S NATURAL SCENERY 


ESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK is in the extreme southwestern 

corner of Colorado and is reached from the rail points of Mancos, 

Colorado, and Gallup, New Mexico, by motor stage or private 

automobile. ‘The finest of the scenic mountain highways of Colorado 

invite the motorist visiting this area, and the highway from Gallup across the 
Navajo Indian Reservation is excellent. 

Apart from the ruins the country is one of spectacular beauty and weird 
charm. As one ascends the mesa tremendous expanses of the diversified terrain 
of the adjacent corners of the States of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and 
Arizona come into view—the snow covered La Platas, San Juans, and Ricos, 
of Colorado; the La Sals and Blues of Utah; the Carrizos of Arizona, and the 
Lukachukais, Tunichas, and Chuskas of the Navajo Reservation of New 
Mexico, with the great monolith of Shiprock, fifty miles distant, basking in the 


foreground, like a windjammer under full sail. 
(151) 


ASNOY] ANOOIVG OL AONVULNY AHI, 


Tivay, FHT 
Gaal "Dy 89 ytvs30j04g 


(152) 


Photograph by Pen Dike Studio 


Batcony House Is ONE or THE Most INTERESTING AND Best PRESERVED 


THe Curr Dwe.iers Utiuizep ALL Protectep SPACE WITHIN THE CaAvVEs 
(154) 


GLACIER 
NATIONAL 
PARK 


(155) 


Copyright by Hileman 


Mount CLEVELAND, HicHEsT SUMMIT IN GLACIER 
(156) 


f 


Copyright by Hileman 


GUNSIGHT Pass FROM SHORE OF GUNSIGHT LAKE 


mweeAL PINE PARADISE 


OTWITHSTANDING the sixty glaciers from which it derives its 
name, the Glacier National Park is chiefly remarkable for its pic- 
turesquely modeled peaks, the unique quality of its mountain 
masses, its gigantic precipices, and the romantic loveliness of its 

two hundred and fifty lakes. 

- Though most of our national parks possess similar general features in addi- 
tion to those which sharply differentiate each from every other, the Glacier 
National Park shows them in special abundance and unusually happy combi- 
nation. In fact, it is the quite extraordinary, almost sensational, massing of 
these scenic elements which gives it its marked individuality. 

The broken and diversified character of this scenery, involving rugged 
mountain tops bounded by vertical walls sometimes more than four thousand 
feet high, glaciers perched upon lofty rocky shelves, unexpected waterfalls of 
peculiar charm, rivers of milky glacier water, lakes unexcelled for sheer beauty 
by the most celebrated of sunny Italy and snow-topped Switzerland, and grandly 
timbered slopes sweeping into valley bottoms, offer a continuous yet ever 
changing series of inspiring vistas not to be found in such luxuriance and per- 
fection elsewhere. 

Glacier National Park lies in western Montana, abutting the Canadian 
boundary. Waterton Lakes Park joins it on the Canadian side. 


(157) 


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Photograph by Beatr 


CRACKER LAKE AND SIYEH GLACIER 


(158) 


Copyright by Hileman 


SCARFACE PoINT, ON THE GARDEN WALL TRAIL 
(159) 


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(161) 


II 


28 


81741° 


MAKING A NATIONAL PARK 


OW nature, just how many millions of years ago no man can esti- 

mate, made the Glacier National Park is a stirring story. | 

Once this whole region was covered with the prehistoric sea. 
The earthy sediments deposited by this water hardened into rocky 
strata. If you were in the park to-day you would see broad horizontal streaks 
of variously colored rock in the mountain masses thousands of feet above you. 
They are discernible in the photographs in this book. They are the very strata 
that the waters deposited in their depths in those far-away ages. How they 

got from the seas’ bottoms to the mountains’ tops is the story. 

7 GR = | In the settling of the 
earth’s masses into their 
present shape, mountain > 
ranges have arisen from 
the sea by internal pres- 
sures. Just as the squeezed 
orange bulges in places, 
so this region was forced 
upward. Then it cracked 
and the western edge of 
the earth’s skin was thrust 
far over the eastern edge. 

The edge thus thrust 
over was many thousands 
of feet thick and disclosed 
all the geological strata 
which had been deposited 
at that time. In the many 
centuries of centuries since 
all these strata have been 
washed away except the 
bottom. layer of the over- 
thrust skin. The rock thus 
disclosed is at least eighty 
millions of yearsold. Itis 
the same rock as the Grand 
Canyon. Glacier National 
Parkis the Canadian Rock- 
ies done in Grand Canyon > 
colors. Frost and rain and 
glaciers have marvelously — 


Photograph by Ellis Prentice Cole ‘ carved ya ee 
IcEBERG Lake WHERE FLoks Drirt In Aucust 


(162) 


Photograph by A. S. Thiri 

THe CriRcULAR WALL ON THE Lert INcLosEs ICEBERG LAKE. THE ENoRMOUS CIRQUE ON 
THE RIGHT, WITH Lake HELEN SHowN IN THE Lower Ricut-Hanp CoRNER, IS THE 
SoURCE OF THE SouTH ForK oF THE BELLY River. ‘THE PHOTOGRAPH Rene ceLy 
ILLUSTRATES THE WORKMANSHIP OF ANCIENT GLACIERS THROUGHOUT THE PARK 


THE CARVING OF GLACIER 


HE titanic overthrust which makes Glacier what it is was not accom- 
plished all at once. The movement covered millions of years; change 
might even have been imperceptible in the life of one living there— 
though this was long before man. And during these same many 

millions of years frost and water and wind and glacier erosion were wiping off the 
upper strata and carving the ancient rocks that still remain into the thing of 
beauty that Glacier is to-day. 

| To picture this region, imagine a chain of very lofty mountains twisting 
about like a worm, spotted with snow fields and bearing glistening glaciers. 
Imagine them flanked everywhere by lesser peaks and tumbled mountain 
masses of smaller size in whose hollows lie the most beautiful lakes you have 
ever dreamed of. 

Those who have seen the giant glaciers of Mount Rainier or the Alps will 
here see what glaciers of much greater size accomplished in ages past. Iceberg 
Lake, for example, is a mighty bowl shaped like a horseshoe, with sides more than 
two thousand feet high. A glacier hollowed it. Just north of it, the Belly 
Glacier hollowed another mammoth bowl of even greater depth; the wall divid- 
ing them is seen in the photograph on this page. Vast pits such as these were dug 
by prehistoric glaciers into both sides of the mountains. Often they nearly met, 
leaving precipitous walls. Sometimes they met; thus were created the passes. 

(163) 


Baker 


CIRQUE AT THE Heap oF Cut BANK RIVER 


Photograph by A. J. 


SHow1inc Mount MorcGan 


> 


(164) 


Copyright by Hileman 


SwITCHBACKS ON SWIFTCURRENT Mountains 
(165) 


ITS LAKES AND VALLEYS 


HE supreme glory of the 
Glacier National Park is its 
lakes. The world has none 
to surpass, perhaps few to 
equal them. Some are valley gems 
grown to the water’s edge with forests. 
Some are cradled among precipices. 
Some float ice fields in midsummer. 

From the Continental Divide seven 
principal valleys drop precipitously 
upon the east, twelve sweep down the 
longer western slopes. Each valley 
holds between its feet its greater lake 
to which are tributary many smaller 
lakes of astonishing wildness, 

On the east side St. Mary Lake is 
destined to world-wide celebrity, but sO 
also is Lake Mc Donald on the west side. 
These are the largest in the park. 

But some, perhaps many, of the 
smaller lakes are candidates for beauty’s 
highest honors. Of these, Lake Mc- 
Dermott with its munaretted peaks 
stands first—perhaps because best 
known, for here is one of the finest hotels 
in any national park and a luxurious 
camp. 

Upper Two Medicine Lake is another 
east-side candidate widely known be- 
cause of its accessibility, while far to 
the north the Belly River Valley, diffi- 
cult to reach and seldom seen, holds 
lakes, fed by eighteen glaciers, which 
will compare with Switzerland’s noblest. 

The west-side valleys north of Mc-_ 
Donald constitute a little-known wil- 
derness of the earth’s choicest scenery, 
destined to future appreciation. — 

The Continental Divide is usually 
crossed by the famous Gunsight Pass 
Trail, which skirts giant precipices and 
develops sensational vistas in its ser- 


Pia by Fred H. Kiser, SLAY. Ae pentine course. 
(166) 


sae 5 : B 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Birtu oF A CLoup ON THE Si1pE oF Mount Rockxwe.t., Two Mepicine LAKE 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Earty Morninc Croup Errects at Two Mepicine LAKE 


Romantic Rising-Wolf Mountain is seen in middle distance 
(167) 


= 


—_ 


Copyright by Hileman 


EVEMENT 
It 1s THE Romantic, ALMosT SENSATIONAL Massinc or ExTRAORDINARY SCENIC F - Wauicu Gives THe Giacrer Nationat Park Its Marken Inprvipuatity 
Beautiful Lake McDermott, in Many Glicier region, Many Glacier Hotel to the left 


(168) (169) 


Copyright by Hileman b- 
CLIMBING STARK PEAK WITH GUIDE 


(170) 


Copyright by Hileman 
Party on Mount STARK WITH GUIDE 


COMFORT AMONG GLACIERS 


LACIER NATIONAL PARK has two railroad entrances. From 
Glacier Park, the eastern entrance, auto stages take the visitor to 
Two Medicine, McDermott, and St. Mary Lakes, where launch rides 
may be taken. Glacier Park Hotel at the railway station, and Many 
Glacier Hotel at Lake McDermott, are modern hotels. At Two Medicine 
Lake, Cut Bank Creek, St. Mary Lake, and Lake McDermott are comfortable 
chalets reached by auto or by auto and launch. Granite Park and Sperry 
Chalets are reached only by horseback or hiking, as are the camps at Crossley 
Lake and Waterton Lake, and Fifty Mountain Camp on Flat Top Mountain. 
| The visitor choosing the west entrance, at Belton, will find camps and 
chalets there, and auto service to the hotel at the head of beautiful Lake 
McDonald. ‘This trip also may be made by a combination of automobile and 
boat. Lake McDonald Camp and Skyland Camps, both reached by auto, 
provide comfortable accommodations. Motor travel will not be possible between 
the east and west sides until the Transmountain Road is completed, probably 
about 1930. 


(171) 


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Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
To THE Victor BELONG THE SPoILs 


Mary Roberts Rinehart lunching after a morning’s trouting on Flathead River 
(172) 


Copyright by Hileman 


BrautiruL LakE McDona tp, Looxinc Nortueast—Mount CANNON IN THE MIDDLE 
DISTANCE 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Ture ComrorTABLeE Hotret Near THE Heap or LAkeE McDonatp 


(173) 


Photograph by National Park Service 


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81741°—28 


CREATURES OF THE WILD 


LACIER, once the 
favorite hunting 
ground of the 
Blackfeet and now 

for fifteen years strictly pre- 
served, has a large and grow- 


ing population of creatures of 
the wild. Its rocks and preci- 
pices fit it especially to be the 
home of the Rocky Mountain 
sheep and the mountain goat. 

Both of these large and 
hardy climbers are found in 
Glacier in great numbers. 
They constitute a familiar 
sight in many of the places 
most frequented by tourists. 

Trout fishing is particu- 
larly fine. The trout are of 
half a dozen western vari- 
eties, of which perhaps the 
cutthroat is the most com- 
mon. In Lake St. Mary the 
Mackinaw is caught up to 
twenty pounds in weight. 

So widely are they distrib- 
uted that it is difficult to 
name lakes of special fishing 
importance. 


Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oreg. 
Summit oF Appistokt MounrTain 
(178) 


ROCKY MOUNTAIN 
NATIONAL PARK 


(179) 


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(180) 


Photograph by F. J. Francis 


Crosstnc Fatt River Pass on June 15 


Spor OF THE WORLD 


OR many years the Mecca of eastern mountain lovers has been the 
Rockies. For many years the name has summed European ideas 
of American mountain grandeur. Yet it was not until 1915 that 
a particular section of the enormous area of magnificent and diver- 
sified scenic range thus designated was chosen as the representative of the 
noblest qualities of the whole. This is the Rocky Mountain National Park. 

And it is splendidly representative. In nobility, in calm dignity, in the 
sheer glory of stalwart beauty, there is no mountain group to excel the company 
of snow-capped veterans of all the ages which stands at everlasting parade 
behind its grim, helmeted captain, Longs Peak. 

There is probably no other scenic neighborhood of the first order which 
combines mountain outlines so bold with a quality of beauty so intimate and 
refined. Just to live in the valleys in the eloquent and ever-changing presence 
of these carved and tinted peaks is itself satisfaction. But to climb into their 
embrace, to know them in the intimacy of their bare summits and their flowered, 
glaciated gorges, is to turn a new and unforgettable page in experience. 

The park straddles the Continental Divide at a point of supreme magnificence. 
Its eastern gateway is beautiful Estes Park, a valley village of many hotels from 
which access up to the most noble heights and into the most picturesque recesses 


of the Rockies is easy and comfortable. Its western entrance is Grand Lake. 
(181) 


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THE KING AND HIS KINGDOM 


HE Snowy Range lies, roughly 

speaking, north and south. From 

valleys 8,000 feet high the peaks 

rise to 12,000 and 14,000 feet. 
Longs Peak measures 14,255 feet. 

The gentler slopes are on the west, a region 
of loveliness, heavily wooded, diversified by 
gloriously modeled mountain masses, and 
watered by many streams and rock-bound 
lakes. The western entrance, Grand Lake, is 
a thriving center of hotel and cottage life. 

On the east side the descent from the Con- 
tinental Divide is steep in the extreme. Preci- 
pices two or three thousand feet plunging into 
gorges carpeted with snow patches and wild 
flowers are common. Seen from the east-side 
villages, this range rises in daring relief, craggy 
in outline, snow-spattered, awe-inspiring. 

Midway of the range and standing boldly 
forward from its western side, Longs Peak 
rears his lofty, square-crowned head. A vert- 
table King of Mountains—stalwart, majestic. 

Amazingly diversified is this favored region. 

The valleys are checkered with broad, 
flowery opens and luxuriant groves of white- 
stemmed aspens and dark-leaved pines. Sing- 
ing rivers and shining lakes abound. Frost- 
sculptured granite cliffs assume picturesque 
shapes. Always some group of peaks has 
caught and held the wandering clouds. 

Very different are the mountain vistas. 
From the heights stretches on every hand a 
tumbled sea of peaks. Dark gorges open 
underfoot. Massive granite walls, torn from 
their fastenings in some unimaginable upheaval 
in ages before man, expose their gray faces. 
Far in the distance lie patches of molten 
silver which are lakes, and threads of silver 
which are rivers, and mists which conceal far- 
off valleys. On sunny days lies to the east a 


dim sea which is the Great Plain. Mount CopPpELAND 
(183) 


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(187) 


Photograph by Enos Mills 


RECORDS OF THE GLACIERS 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Moon.icut on Granp LAKE 


(188) 


FEATURE of this 
region is the read- 
ability of its records 
of glacial action 
during the ages when America 
was making. In few other 
spots do these evidences, in all 
their variety, make themselves 
so prominent to the casual eye. 

There is scarcely any part 
of the eastern side where some 
enormous moraine does not 
force itself upon passing atten- 
tion. One of the valley villages, 
Moraine Park, is so named from 
a moraine built out for miles 
across the valley’s floor by an- 
cient parallel glaciers. 

There are innumerable spar- 
kling lakes, many of them 
nestling in bowls of solid granite 
that were hollowed out by 
glaciers. The gorges are walled | 
in by spectacular glacial cirques 
or amphitheaters. 

In short, this park is itself a 
primer of glacial geology whose 
simple, self-evident lessons im- 
mediately disclose the key to 
one of nature’s chiefest scenic 
secrets. 3 


Photograph by Willis T. Lee 
Loncs PEak FROM BOULDER FIELD 


At the extreme right is seen the “Keyhole” through which the summit is reached 


Photograph by F. P. Clatworthy . 
9? 
Tue Fatt River Roan, Leapinc To THE “Tor OF THE CONTINENT 


(189) 


Photograph by John King Sherman 


THE CHISELED WESTERN WALL OF LOCH VALE 


PRECIPICE-WALLED GORGES 


Photograph by John King Sherman 
CyasmM LAKE AND Loncs PEAK 


(190) 


DISTINGUISHED fea- 
ture of the park is its 
profusion of cliff-cradled, 
glacier-watered valleys 
unexcelled for wildness and the glory 
of their flowers. Here grandeur and 
romantic beauty compete. . 
These valleys lie in two groups, 
one north, the other south of Longs 
Peak, in the angles of the main 
range; the northern group called 
the Wild Gardens, the southern 
group called the Wild Basin. : 
There are few spots, for instance, 
so impressively beautiful as Loch > 
Vale, with its three shelved lakes 
lying two thousand feet sheer be- 
low ‘Taylors Peak. Adjoining is 
Glacier Gorge at the foot of the 
precipitous north slope of Longs 
Peak, holding in rocky embrace its 
own group of three lakelets. 
The Wild Basin, with its wealth 
of lake and precipice, still remains 
unexploited and known to few. 


Few Mountain Gorces ARE So IMPRESSIVELY BEAUTIFUL AS LocH VALE 


(191) 


Copyright by F. P. Clatworthy 


Nymeu LAKE AND Ha.uetr PEAK 


(192) 


Photograph by Wiswall Brothers 
Sky Ponp anp Taytor Peak, WiLD GaRDENS 


81741°—28—13 (193) 


Photograph by Enos Mills 


Photograph by George C. Barnard, Denver 


An IDEAL COUNTRY FOR WINTER SporRTS 
(194) 


Photograph by Wiswall Brothers 


BiueBirD Lake, WiLp Basin 


(195) 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


OpessA Lake Is Atmost EncircLeD By SNOW-SPATTERED SUMMITS 
(196) 


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hus Ehsatns 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
SpRUCE-GIRDLED Fern Lake, SHowiNG LitrLE MATTERHORN IN MrppLe DIsTANCE 
(197) 


METROPOLIS of BEAVERLAND 


Copyright by Wiswall Brothers, Denver 
An Aspen TuicketT Trait Is a Pata oF 
DELIGHT 


4 
; 


(198) 


HE visitor will not forget 
the aspens in the Rocky 
Mountain National 
Park. Their white trunks 

and branches and their luxuriant 
bright green foliage are never out 
of sight. A trail through an aspen 
thicket is a path of delight. 
Because of the unusual aspen 
growths, the region is the favored 
home of beavers, who make the 
tender bark their principal food. 
Beaver dams block countless streams 
and beaver houses emerge from the 
still ponds above. In some retired 
spots the engineering feats of gener- 
ations of beaver families may be 
traced in all their considerable range. 
Nowhere is the picturesqueness of 
timber line more quickly and more 
easily seen. A horse after early 
breakfast, a steep mountain trail, an 
hour of unique enjoyment, and one 
may be back for late luncheon. | 
Eleven thousand feet up, the 
winter struggles between trees and 
icy gales are grotesquely exhibited. 
The first sight of luxuriant En- 
gelmann spruces creeping closely 
upon the ground instead of rising a 
hundred and fifty feet straight and 
true as masts is not soon forgotten. 
Many stems strong enough to partly 
defy the winters’ gales grow bent in 
half circles. Others, starting straight 
in shelter of some large rock, bend 
at right angles where they emerge 
above it. Many succeed in lifting 
their trunks but not in growing © 
branches except in their lee, thus 
suggesting great evergreen dust 
brushes. 


Photograph by Enos Mills 


BEAVER Dams Biock CounTLESS STREAMS 


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Photograph by F. 


(199) 


A VERITABLE Kinc or Mountains CALMLY OvERLOOKING ALL His REALM 


This is the very heart of the Rockies; few photo8™phs so fully express the spirit of the Snowy Range 


? 


Mipway or THE Rance, Loncs Peax Rears His STATELY, SQUARE-CROWNED #EAD 


(201) 


(200) 


x 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
THe STANLEY HoTeL anp Manor 


EASY TO REACH AND TO SEE — 


JJHE accessibility of the Rocky Mountain National Park is apparent 
by a glance at any map. Denver is less than thirty hours from 
St. Louis and Chicago, two days only from New York. Four hours 
from Denver will put you in Estes Park. 

Once there, comfortable in one of its many hotels of varying range of tariff, 
and the summits and the gorges of this mountain-top paradise resolve them- 
selves into a choice between foot and horseback. | 

There are also a few most comfortable houses and several somewhat primi- 
tive camps within the park’s boundaries at the very foot of its noblest scenery. 


die ee 
Photograph by F. P. Clatwo 


“3 


rthy 


GRAND LAKE 


(202) 


(2) 
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GRAND CANYON 


NATIONAL 


“By Far tHe Most SusiimME or ALL EARTHLY SPECTACLES 7 


CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER 


(203) 


Photograph by George R. Ring 


“It Is BEyonp Compartson—Beyonp Description; ABSOLUTELY UNPARALLELED 
THROUGHOUT THE WIDE WorLD.”—THEODORE ROOSEVELT 


(204) 


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Photograph by Fred Harvey 


Leavinc Ex. Tovar For A ScENIC TRIP 


COLOSSUS of CANYONS 


ORE mysterious in its depth than the Himalayas in their height,” 
writes Professor John C. Van Dyke, “the Grand Canyon remains 
not the eighth but the first wonder of the world. There is nothing 
like it.’’ 

Even the most superficial description of this enormous spectacle may not 
be put in words. The wanderer upon the rim overlooks a thousand square 
miles of pyramids and minarets carved from the painted depths. Many miles 
away and more than a mile below the level of his feet he sees a tiny silver 
thread which he knows is the giant Colorado. 

He is numbed by the spectacle. At first he can not comprehend it. There 
is no measure, nothing which the eye can grasp, the mind fathom. 

It may be hours before he can even slightly adjust himself to the titanic 
spectacle, before it ceases to be utter chaos; and not until then does he begin 
to exclaim in rapture. 

And he never wholly adjusts himself, for with dawning appreciation comes 
growing wonder. Comprehension lies always just beyond his reach. 

The Colorado River is formed by the confluence of the Grand and the 
Green Rivers. ‘Together they gather the waters of three hundred thousand 
square miles. Their many canyons reach this magnificent climax in northern 


Arizona. ‘The Grand Canyon became a national park in February, 1919. 
(205) 


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(207) 


Photograph by Henry Fuermann 
Tue Rim Roap Arrorps Many G.iorious VIEWS 


BY SUNSET AND MOONRISE 


HEN the light falls into it, harsh, direct, and searching,’ writes 

Hamlin Garland, “it is great, but not beautiful. The lines are 

chaotic, disturbing—but wait! The clouds and the sunset, the 

moonrise and the storm, will transform it into a splendor no 
mountain range can surpass. Peaks will shift and glow, walls darken, crags 
take fire, and gray-green mesas, dimly seen, take on the gleam of opalescent 
lakes of mountain water.’’ 


Oh OE te sini an 


Copyright by Fred Harvey 
Hermit’s Rest, Near THE HEAD oF THE Hermit TRaiL TO THE RIVER 
(208) . 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


“Ts Any Fiery Mites or Moruer Eartu as FEARFUL, or Any Parr as FEARFUL, AS 
Futu or Giory, as Futt or Gop?”—Joaquin MILLER 


81741°—28——14 (209) 


Photograph by Fred Harvey 


View From Lipan Pornt, OVERLOOKING CONFLUENCE OF LiTTLE CoLoRADO RIVER AND 
A SECTION OF THE PaInTED DESERT 


PAINTED IN MAGIC COLORS 


HE blues and the grays and the mauves and the reds are second 
in glory only to the canyon’s size and sculpture. The colors 
change with every changing hour. The morning and the evening 
shadows play magicians’ tricks. 

“It seems like a gigantic statement for even Nature to make all in one 
mighty stone word,’’ writes John Muir. ‘‘Wildness so Godful, cosmic, prime- 
val, bestows a new sense of earth’s beauty and size. . . . But the colors, the 
living, rejoicing colors, chanting morning and evening in chorus to heaven! 
Whose brush or pencil, however lovingly inspired, can give us these? In the 
supreme flaming glory of sunset the whole canyon is transfigured, as if the 
life and light of centuries of sunshine stored up in the rocks was now being 
poured forth as from one glorious fountain, flooding both earth and sky.” 


(210) 


Photograph by Fred Harvey 
Near tHe Borrom or THE Canyon, SHowinc Hermit Camp aT THE Foor oF a Lorry 


MonuMENT 


(211) 


Photograph by H. T. Cowling 


THE Prorounp ABYSS 


ROMANTIC INDIAN LEGEND 


HE Indians believed the Grand Canyon the road to heaven. 

A great chief mourned the death of his wife. To him came 

the god Ta-vwoats and offered to prove that his wife was in a hap- 

pier land by taking him there to look upon her happiness. Ta- 
vwoats then made a trail through the protecting mountains and led the chief — 
to the happy land. Thus was created the canyon gorge of the Colorado. SS 
On their return, lest the unworthy should find this happy land, Ta-vwoats 
rolled through the trail a wild, surging river. Thus was created the Colorado. a 


(212) 


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Copyright by Fred Harvey ; 0 


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Hort House at Et Tovar, REPRODUCED FROM AN ANCIENT Hopi ComMUNITY DWELLING 
(214) 


be 


Photograph by Fred Harvey 
Wuen Crioups anp Canyon MEET AND MERGE 


MASTERPIECE OF EROSION 


HE rain falling in the plowed field forms rivulets in the furrows. The 
rivulets unite in a muddy torrent in the roadside gutter. With suc- 
ceeding showers the gutter wears an ever-deepening channel in the 
soft soil. With the passing season the gutter becomes a gully. 

Here and there, in places, its banks undermine and fallin. Here and there the 
rivulets from the field wear tiny tributary gullies. Between the breaks in the 
banks and the tributaries irregular masses of earth remain standing, sometimes 
resembling mimic cliffs, sometimes washed and worn into mimic peaks and 
spires. 

Such roadside erosion is familiar to us all. A hundred times we have idly 
noted the fantastic water-carved walls and minaretted slopes of these ditches. 
But seldom, perhaps, have we realized that the muddy roadside ditch and 
the world-famous Grand Canyon of the Colorado are, from nature's stand- 
point, identical; that they differ only in soil and size. 

The arid States of our great Southwest constitute an enormous plateau 
or table-land from four to eight thousand feet above sea level. 

Rivers gather into a few desert water systems. The largest of these is that 
which, in its lower courses, has, in unnumbered ages, worn the mighty chasm 
of the Colorado. 


(ars) 


(217) 


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CraGs th 
ene N GARLAND 


LAKES 


Watts DaRKEN, 


(216) 


SUNSET FROM Pima Point. “Peaxs Witt Suirt anp GLow, 


Copyright by Fred Harvey 


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(219) 


Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
Tue Lookout at THE Heap or THE Bricut ANGEL TRAIL Near Ex Tovar 


ae Bo 
Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 


WAITING FOR THE SIGNAL TO START Down Bricut ANGEL TRAIL 
One may descend to the river’s edge and back in one day by this trail 


(420) 


Copyright by Fred Harvey 
Tue CELEBRATED Jacop’s LappER ON THE Bricut ANGEL TRAIL 


The photograph shows how broad and safe are the Grand Canyon trails. There is no 
danger in the descent 


(221) 


POWELL’S GREAT ADVENTURE 


HE Grand Canyon was the culminating scene of one of the most 

stirring adventures in the history of American exploration. | 

For hundreds of miles the Colorado and its tributaries form a 

mighty network of mighty chasms which few had ventured even 

to enter. Of the Grand Canyon, deepest and hugest of all, tales were current 

of whirlpools, of hundreds of miles of underground passage, and of giant falls 
whose roaring music could be heard on distant mountain summits. 

The Indians feared it. Even the hardiest of frontiersmen refused it. 

It remained for a geologist and a school-teacher, a one-armed veteran of 
the Civil War, John Wesley Powell, afterwards director of the United States 
Geological Survey, to dare and to accomplish. 

This was in 1869. Nine men accompanied him in four boats. 

There proved to be no impassable whirlpools in the Grand Canyon, no 
underground passages, and no cataracts. But the trip was hazardous in the 
extreme. The adventurers faced the unknown at every bend, daily—some- 
times several times daily—embarking upon swift rapids without guessing upon 
what rocks or in what great falls they might terminate. Continually they 
upset. They were unable to build fires sometimes for days at a stretch. 

Three men deserted, hoping to climb the walls, and were killed by Indians— 
and this happened the very day before Major Powell and his faithful half dozen 
floated clear of the Grand Canyon into safety. 


Photograph by U. S. Geological Survey 
Two or THE Boats Usep By Major PoweE.ut In EXPLoRING THE CANYON 


(222) 


Photograph by El Tovar Studio 


MemoriAt ERECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO Major JoHN WESLEY 
Powe.u. It Stanps on THE Rim aT SENTINEL POINT 


EASY TO REACH AND TO SEE 


T is possible to get a glimpse of the Grand Canyon by lengthening 
your transcontinental trip one day, but this day must be spent 
either on the rim or in one hasty rush down the Bright Angel Trail 
to the river’s edge; one can not do both the same day. ‘Two ardu- 

ous days, therefore, will give you a rapid glance at the general features. Three 
days will enable you to substitute the newer Kaibab Trail, with a night in the 
canyon, for the Bright Angel Trail. Four or five days will enable you to see 
the Grand Canyon; but after you see it you will want to live with it awhile. 
Another interesting trail is the Hermit. 

The canyon should be seen first from the rim. Hours, days, may be spent 
in emotional contemplation of this vast abyss. Navajo Point, Grand View, 
Shoshone Point, El Tovar, Hopi Point, Sentinel Point, Pima Point, Yavapai 
Point, the Hermit Rim—these are a few only of many spots of inspiration. 

An altogether different experience is the descent into the abyss. This is 
done on muleback over trails which zigzag steeply but safely down the cliffs. 

The hotels, camps, and facilities for getting around are admirable. Your 
sleeper brings you to the very rim of the canyon. 


(223) 


Courtesy Union Pacific System 


THE SuPERB KAIBAB FoREST 


THE NORTH aaa 


HERE is a remarkable difference between the north and south rimis. 
The north rim, a thousand feet higher, is a colder country, clothed 
with lusty forests of spruce, pine, fir, and quaking aspen, with no 

—_|| suggestion of the desert. 

Deer are plentiful on the north rim, and hundreds may be counted on an 
evening’s ride through the Kaibab Forest. A portion of this forest was added 
to the national park in 1927. 

The forest floor is amazingly clean, with little down timber or shrubby 
growths. Here and there the dense forest opens out to (ee parklike 
glades. These are especially the haunt of the deer. 


(224) 


Courtesy Union Pacific System 
View From Bricut ANGEL Point oN THE Nortu Rim oF THE CANYON 


SPECTACULAR VIEWS from NORTH RIM 


HE views from the north rim are markedly different from those 
obtained from the south side of the canyon. 

From the north one may see close at hand the vast temples 
which form the background of the south rim’s view. One looks 
down upon them, and on beyond to the distant canyon floor and its gaping 
gorge, which from most points hides the river from view. Beyond these the 
south rim rises like a great streaked flat wall. Still farther beyond, miles away, 

may be seen the dim blue San Francisco Peaks. 

It is a spectacle full of sublimity and charm. 

Bright Angel Point, extending out in the mighty gorge, affords glorious 
views. Near this point are located interesting and comfortable lodge accommo- 
dations. 

From Bright Angel Point the canyon drops away nearly six thousand feet 
and at this point the gorge is twelve miles across. Excellent trails connect the 
two rims, and a muleback trip from one side to the other is a never-to-be- 


forgotten experience. 
81741°—28——15 (225) 


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SHELTER House anp Trait ABoveE [Ron Sprinc, Hor Sprincs Mountain 
(228) 


ENTRANCE TO THE Hot Sprincs NATIONAL PARK 


meee HOLT SPRINGS 


ROM the slopes of a picturesque wooded hill among the wild and 
romantic Ozark Mountains of Arkansas flow springs of hot water 
used for many generations in the belief that they would alleviate 
certain bodily ills. ‘Tradition has it that their curative properties 

were prized by the Indians before the Spanish invasion. The hot springs were 
probably visited in 1541 by De Soto, who died the following spring on the 
Mississippi about a hundred miles away. It is tradition that the warring Indian 
tribes suspended all hostilities at these springs, whose neighborhood they called 
“The Land of Peace.” Government analyses of the waters disclose more than 
twenty chemical constituents. 

The hot springs were reserved for national use in 1832, forty years before 
the wonders of the Yellowstone first inspired Congress with the idea that scenery 
was a national asset deserving of preservation for the use and enjoyment of 
succeeding generations. No esthetic consideration was involved in this early 
act of national conservation. ‘he motive was to retain these unique waters 
in public possession to be available to all persons for all time at a nominal cost. 

Hot Springs Mountain, from whose sides flow the hot waters, is about 50 
miles west by south from Little Rock. 


(229) 


ONE OF THE Best GotFr CoursEs IN THE SOUTH 


REST, RECUPERATION, avd RECREATION: 


OT SPRINGS has much besides its waters to attract and hold the 


| visitor. It has one of the best and most interesting golf courses in E 


the South. The surrounding country is romantically beautiful. Many 


miles of woodland trail lead the walker and the horseback rider q 


through pine-scented glades and glens and over mountain tops of unusual 
charm. There are boating and fishing for the fisherman, tennis for the young 


folks, ostrich and alligator farms for the curious, and the gayeties of life in 


big hotels for all. 

Hot Springs is not merely a winter resort. Climate and conditions are 
delightful the year around, as increasing throngs are rapidly discovering. It 
is above all a place for rest and recuperation. More and more winter visitors 
are remaining through April and May. But those who remain after March 
should bring summer clothing, as the temperature then ranges from sixty-five 
to eighty-five degrees. 2 

The park contains nine hundred and twenty-seven acres, and faced in this 
tract are all the forty-four hot springs. ‘These springs are grouped about the 


base of Hot Springs Mountain. In front of the springs is Magnolia Row, con- 
taining nine complete and luxurious bathhouses. Scattered about the city are 
ten other bathhouses, all under Government control. A Government free bath- 


house and clinic is maintained for the poor and unfortunate. 


There are many hotels, the largest having accommodations for a thousand 


guests, and several hundred boarding houses, many at very moderate prices, 


throughout the city. Cottages and apartments may be rented for light house- 
keeping. The Government maintains a picturesque automobile camp for persons: : 


who delight in camping. 


(230) 


Photograph by P. J. Thompson 
CRATER OF LASSEN Peak AFTER ERUPTION OF 1914 


OUR ACTIVE LASSEN VOLCANO 


ONGRESS created the Lassen Volcanic National Park in August, 

1916. A month later this volcano was again in active eruption; it 

is the only active volcano in the continental United States. It is 

situated in northern California, and is one of the celebrated series 

of peaks, including Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Shasta, 
and what was once Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), in the Cascade Range. 

The region is one of extraordinary interest. Jassen Peak is 10,460 feet in 
altitude. Cinder Cone, which showed some activity a few years ago, has an 
altitude of 6,907 feet. North Peak, Southwest Peak, and Prospect Peak are 
prominent elevations in the national park. 

Other features of interest are the Devils Half Acre, inclosing hot springs 
and mud geysers, Bumpass and Morgan Hot Springs, lakes of volcanic glass, and 
ice caves. There are seven lakes, numerous trout streams, and many majestic 
canyons. There are also forests of yellow and white pine, fir, and lodgepole. 

“On the whole,’ writes Prof. Douglas W. Johnson, of Columbia University, 
“it is difficult to imagine a region where the more striking phenomena of nature 


are developed on a grander scale.” 
(231) 


Photograph by W. S. Valentine 


Lassen Peak 1n Eruption, Jury, 1914 
(232) 


VOIMANY HLYON NI NIVINOOJ\ LSAILAO'T ‘APINIQOPT LNNOJ] 


MOUNT MCKINLEY 
GIANT OF MOUNTAINS 


OUNT McKINLEY, a national park since 1917, is the loftiest moun- 
tain in America. It towers 20,300 feet above tide. Its gigantic ice- 
covered bulk rises more than 17,000 feet above the eyes of the 
observer. It is ice plated 14,000 feet below its glistening summit. 

This enormous mass is the climax of the great Alaskan Range, which 
extends, roughly, east and west across southeast central Alaska. 

The reservation contains 2,645 square miles. Its northern slopes, which — 
overlook the Tanana watershed with its gold-mining industry, are broad valleys 
inhabited by enormous herds of caribou. Its southern plateau is a winter 
wilderness through which glaciers of great length and enormous bulk flow into 
the valleys of the south. In this national park, which the railroad built by 
Government into the Alaskan interior has opened to the public, America pos- 
sesses Alpine scenery upon a titantic scale. In fact, it matches the Himalayas; 
as a spectacle Mount McKinley even excels their loftiest peaks, for the altitude 
of the valleys from which the Himalayas are viewed exceeds by many thousand 
feet that of the plains from which the awed visitor looks up to McKinley’s 
towering height. 

(234) 


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(235) 


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Photograph by H. O. Wood, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 
THE CELEBRATED “BatiteT Dancer” or Mauna Loa, Hawan 
A remarkable photograph of the explosion on the flank of Mauna Loa on May 19, 1916 


HAW AIPS SMOKING SUMMITS 


HE Hawaii National Park, created in 1916, includes three celebrated 

Hawaiian volcanoes, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Haleakala. ‘The 

Hawaiian Volcanoes,” writes T. A. Jaggar, director of the Hawaiian 

Volcano Observatory, “are truly a national asset, wholly unique of 

their kind, the most famous in the world of science and the most continuously, 

variously, and harmlessly active volcanoes on earth. Kilauea crater has been 

nearly continuously active, with a lake or lakes of molten lava, for a century. 

Mauna Loa is the largest active voleano and mountain mass in the world, with 

eruptions about once a decade, and has poured out more lava during the last 

century than any other volcano on the globe. Haleakala is a mountain mass 

ten thousand feet high, with a tremendous crater rift in its summit eight miles 
in diameter and three thousand feet deep, containing many high lava cones. 


“Haleakala is probably the largest of all known craters among volcanoes 


that are technically known as active. It erupted less than two hundred years 
ago. ‘The crater at sunrise is the grandest volcanic spectacle on earth.” 

The lava lake at Kilauea when active is the most spectacular feature of 
the national park. It draws visitors from all over the world. It is a lake of 
molten, fiery lava a thousand feet long, splashing on its banks with a noise like 
waves of the sea, while great fountains boil through it fifty feet high. 

The -park also includes gorgeous tropical jungles and fine forests. Sandal- 


wood, elsewhere extinct, grows there luxuriantly. There are mahogany groves. 
(236) 


Photograph by the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution 
Near View oF THE Lava LAKE oF KiLAuvEA IN HEAvy SMOKE 


Photograph by the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution 


Lava Fitow on Fioor oF KILAUEA CRATE 
(237) 


r, SHowrnG Curtous Ropy FoRMATIONS 


ati al 


Photograph by Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution 


Tue Kitavea Lava Lake Cuiose By. Picrure TAKEN BY THE LIGHT OF THE LAVA 
IrsELF Durinc A PERiIop oF GREAT ACTIVITY 


Photograph by Baker 


Tue Devit’s THroat on THE New Cuain or Craters Roan, THE Most AccEssiBLE 
OF SEVERAL Pit CRATERS 


(238) \ 


Hes TROPICAL GARDENS 


LTHOUGH the section of the Hawaii National Park on the island 
of Maui includes only the summit of Haleakala, the sections on the 
island of Hawaii extend from the summit of Mauna Loa, 13,653 
feet in elevation, to Kilauea, and on to the seacoast. ‘‘ From 


skiing to surfing in one day” could become an ac- 
complished fact. Besides great lava flows, steaming 
craters, and countless lava tubes, the park contains 
forests of koa, which produce Hawaiian mahogany of 
the glowing lighter tints, ohias with their terra cotta 
pompons of flowers, fragrant sandalwood; fine roads 
bordered with fuchsias, gaily colored nasturtiums, and 
blossoms of ginger; well-kept trails through tropical 
jungles where tree ferns reach a height Of Orly teet. 
lower slopes of brightly colored flowers on tree and 
shrub. The floral profusion of the islands is revealed 
by the fact that the brilliant hibiscus appears in Ha- 
wali in fifteen hundred varieties. 


Sugar cane, of course, is grown commercially on a 
large scale; and acres upon acres of pineapple clothe 


Tue SILVER Sworpb, 
Wuicyu Grows ONLY 
IN THE CRATER OF 
HALEAKALA 


the valleys with velvety green. The coconut palm, with its long slanting 
stem and feathery top, proclaims to the visitor that he is in a strange land. 


TrEE Ferns Rise To A HEIGHT OF Forty Freer 


(239) 


Photograph by Douglas White 
Et GopEeRNADOR IN Zion Canyon (THE Great WuHiTE THRONE) 


This monolith, which rises 3,100 feet from the valley floor, appears brilliant red two- 
thirds up, then glistening white 


(240) 


FIONN NATIONAL PARK 


HE latest scenic discovery of America is the canyon of many vivid 

colors, through which the North Fork of the Virgin River emerges 

from the shales and sandstones of southwestern Utah to find its 

way to the Colorado River and the Pacific. Zion Canyon was 
known to the Mormons as early as 1861. Later it was known to the geologists, 
who buried graphic descriptions in their scientific texts. It was made a na- 
tional monument in 1909, but the public did not discover it until 1917. In 
1919 it was made a national park. Now it is reached by rail and motor, and 
ample lodge accommodations and a free public automobile camp afford comfort 
for all comers. 

Zion Canyon is in truth the Rainbow of the Desert. Its carved cliffs are 
quite as high and its conformation not dissimilar to those of the Yosemite 
Valley. But instead of granite, its precipices are of sandstone stratified in 
brilliant contrasts. Most of its cliffs are gorgeously red two-thirds up, and 
glistening white above; and some of these white-topped monsters are capped 
again in crimson. In places the white is streaked across with crimson bands 
like a Roman sash. 


Photograph by J. Reed Jones 


Zion LODGE 
16 (241) 


81741°—28 


OFTEN THE WHITE Tops or Turse Farry Cuirrs ArE STREAKED WITH VERMILION 


Photograph by Willis T. Lee 


WHERE THE Canyon Narrows - 
(242) 


Copyright J. Reed Jones 
THe Great WHITE THRONE AND ANGELS LANDING FROM THE TEMPLE OF SINEWAVA 


THe Turee PatriarcHs—VERMILION Two-Tuirps Up, with WHITE SUMMITS 


(243) 


MID-CONTINENT PARKS 


THE WIND CAVE NATIONAL 


HE BLACK HILLS of southwestern South Dakota, scene of Custer’s first 
stand, famous for many years for Indian fights and frontier lawlessness, 
contain a limestone cave of large size and interesting decoration. It is called 
Wind Cave because of the strong currents of air which alternate in and out of its 
mouth. 
The walls and ceilings of the various passages and chambers which consti- 
tute the cave are covered with the formations common to most caves. The 
park is also a game preserve of unusual merit. 


THE PLATT NATIONAL PA 


OUTHERN Oklahoma’s medicinal springs were conserved for public use in 
1906 by the creation of the Platt National Park. Sulphur springs pre- 
dominate, but there are bromide and other springs of medicinal value, besides 
several fine springs nonmineral in character. Altogether they have an approxi- 
mate discharge of nearly five million gallons daily. 
Many thousands visit these springs every year. ‘The country is one of 
great charm and is notable for its bird life. The waters are bottled and shipped 
to many parts of the country. 


SULLYS HLL: Pa hee 


HIS reservation is on the shore of Devils Lake, North Dakota, within two 

miles of the well-known Fort Totten Indian School. It is admirably 
adapted to the purposes of a game preserve, for which Congress has made 
appropriations. 


A Trpa, REACH AT SUNDOWN 


LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK 
WHERE SEA AND MOUNTAIN MEET 


HE National Park Service is represented on the Atlantic coast by 
the Lafayette National Park in Maine. It includes the splendid 
grouping of mountains which begins a mile south of Bar Harbor 
and covers the southern and western portions of Mount Desert 

Island. ‘The reservation is girt with ocean-side drives and surrounded by 
summer resorts. ‘The splendid lake-studded lands which compose it were 
contributed or purchased by public-spirited citizens and given to the Nation 
in 1916. Congress made it a national park in 1919. 

Lafayette offers a marked contrast to the national parks of the West. 
It is the oldest part of continental America. Its granites were worn by the 
frosts, the rains, and the waves many millions of years before the Rockies and 
the Sierras emerged from the prehistoric sea. Its deciduous forests rank with 
the finest of the Appalachian region. 

It is the only spot on our Atlantic coast where mountain and seashore 
intimately mingle; the rocky coast of New England is nowhere nobler than 
here. From the viewpoints of its crags and slopes ocean and lake combine. 

he historical associations of Lafayette National Park are among the oldest 
of America, Champlain having landed there in 1604. 


(245) 


OUTLET TO THE TARN 
(246) 


Mortror CampiInG IN LAFAYETTE PARK 
(247) 


THe Sprinc Roap 1n AUTUMN 


(249) 


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(250) 


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Photograph by J. K. Piggott 


A GLIMPSE OF THE BEAUTIFUL Muir Woops 


IN THE FOREST PRIMEVAL 


ITHIN ten miles of the city of San Francisco, in Marin County, 
California, lies one of the noblest forests of primeval Redwood in 
America. ‘That it stands to-day is due first to the fact that its outlet 
to the sea instead of to San Francisco Bay made it unprofitable to 
lumber in the days when redwoods grew like grain on California’s hills. 

. ~The Muir Woods National Monument contains over four hundred acres. 
Interspersed with the superb Redwood, the Sequoia sempervirens, sister to the 
Giant Sequoia of the Sierra, are many fine specimens of Douglas fir, madrona, 
California Bay, and mountain oak. The forest blends into the surrounding 
wooded country. It is essentially typical of the redwood growth, with a rich 
stream-watered bottom carpeted with ferns, violets, oxalis, and azalea. 

Many of the redwoods are magnificent specimens and some have extraor- 
dinary size. Cathedral Grove, and Bohemian Grove, where the famous revels 
of the Bohemian club were held before the club purchased its own permanent 
grove, are unexcelled in luxuriant beauty. 

This splendid area of forest primeval was named by its donors, Mr. and 
Mrs. William Kent, in honor of the celebrated naturalist of the Sierra, John 
Muir. It is so near San Francisco that thousands are able to enjoy its cathedral 


aisles of noble trees. 
(251) 


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(252) 


KATMAIS STEAMING VENTS 


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Copyright by the National Geographic Society 


3600 


Tue Katmar CraTER (UPPER) COMPARED WITH KILAUEA CRATER (LOWER) 


NE of the greatest explosive volcanic eruptions of recent times 
blew several cubic miles of material out of Mount Katmai, on the 
southern shore of Alaska, in June, 1912. It left a great gulf where 
once the summit reared, and in its bottom a crater lake of unknown 

depth. A few miles away, across the divide, lies a group of valleys from which 
burst many thousands of vents of superheated vapors. The greatest of these 
has been named the ‘‘ Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.”’ 

This remarkable volcanic region, to explore which the National Geographic 
Society has sent five expeditions, has no parallel elsewhere to-day. It is a ver- 
itable land of wonders. In the valley the ground in many places is too hot for 
walking. In others one may camp comfortably on the coldest nights in a warm 
tent and cook one’s breakfast on a steaming crack outside. The volume is 
beyond belief. A few feet below the surface, the temperature of the vents is 
often excessively high. Once the Yellowstone geyser basins probably resembled 
the ‘Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” and a few hundred thousand years 
from now this valley may become a geyser basin greater than Yellowstone’s. 

The explosion which wrecked Mount Katmai was heard at Juneau, seven 
hundred and fifty miles away. Its dust fell at Ketchikan, nine hundred miles 
away. Its fumes were smelled at Vancouver Island, fifteen hundred miles away. 


(253) 


-~ 
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— 


Copyright by the National Geographic Society 


Down THE STEAMING SURFACE OF FALLING MountTaIn Roti Masses or Rocks or ALL 
SIZES 


Copyright by the National Geographic Society 


FoLLowING THE GREAT [RUPTION, A Vast QuantTiTy oF Pasty Lava IssuEp From 
THE VENT 


MontTEzuMA CASTLE 


MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


abe remarkable relic of a prehistoric race is the principal feature of a 

well-preserved group of cliff dwellings in the northeastern part of Yavapai 
County, Arizona, known as the Montezuma Castle National Monument. ‘The 
unique position and size of the ruin gives it the appearance of an ancient castle; 
hence its name. 

The structure is about fifty feet in height by sixty feet in width, built in the 
form of a crescent, with the convex part against the cliff. It is five stories high, 
the fifth story being back under the cliff and protected by a masonry wall four 
feet high, so that it is not visible from the outside. The walls of the structure 
are of masonry and adobe, plastered over on the inside and outside with mud. 


DEVILS TOWER NATIONAL MONUMENT 


T= extraordinary mass of igneous rock is one of the most cons Cn 
features in the Black Hills region of Wyoming. 

The tower is a steep-sided shaft rising six hundred feet above a rounded 
ridge of sedimentary rocks, about six hundred feet high, on the west bank of 
the Belle Fourche River. Its nearly flat top is elliptical in outline. Its sides 
are strongly fluted by the great columns of igneous rock, and are nearly per- 
pendicular, except near the top, where there is some rounding; and near the 
bottom, where there is considerable outward flare. The tower has been scaled 
in the past by means of special apparatus, but only at considerable risk. i 

The great columns of which the tower consists are mostly pentagonal in 


shape, but some are four or six sided. 
(256) 


Tue Devits Tower, WYOMING 


(257) 


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258) 


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Copyright by the National Geographic Society 


THE CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT 


epee Chaco Canyon National Monument preserves remarkable relics of a pre- 
historic people once inhabiting New Mexico. Here are found numerous 
communal or pueblo dwellings built of stone, among which is the ruin known as 
Pueblo Bonito, containing, as it originally stood, twelve hundred rooms. It is 
the largest prehistoric ruin in the Southwest. 

Interesting exploration and excavation work among the ruins has been 
carried on by the National Geographic Society. 


SHOSHONE CAVERN NATIONAL MONUMENT 


NEE miles east of the celebrated Shoshone Dam, in Wyoming, is found 

the entrance to the picturesque Shoshone Cavern. Some of the rooms are 
a hundred and fifty feet long and forty or fifty feet high, and all are remarkably 
encrusted with limestone crystals. The passages through the cavern are most 
intricate, twisting, turning, doubling back, and descending so abruptly that 
ladders are often necessary. 


COLORADO NATIONAL MONUMENT - 


HIS area, near Grand Junction, Colorado, is similar to that of the Garden 

of the Gods at Colorado Springs, only much more beautiful and picturesque. 

With possibly two exceptions it exhibits probably as highly colored, magnifi- 

cent, and impressive examples of erosion, particularly of lofty monoliths, as may 

be found anywhere in the West. ‘These monoliths are located in several tribu- 

tary canyons. Some of them are of gigantic size; one over four hundred feet 
high is almost circular and a hundred feet in diameter at base. 


(259) 


LEWIS AND CLARK CAVERN NATIONAL MONUMENT 


-= ——- ee 


Pe feature of this national monument is a limestone cavern of great 
scientific interest because of its length and because of the number of © 
large vaulted chambers it contains. It is of historic interest, also, because it — 


overlooks for more than fifty miles the Montana trail of Lewis and Clark. 


The vaults of the cavern are magnificently decorated with stalactite and — 
stalagmite formations of great variety of size, form, and color, the equal of, if — 
not rivaling, the similar formations in the well-known Luray caves in Virginia. — 


The cavern has been closed on account of depredations of vandals. 


THE DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HE Dinosaur National Monument in northeastern Utah was created to | 
preserve remarkable fossil deposits of extinct reptiles of great size. The 


reservation contains eighty acres of Jura-Trias rock. 


For years prospectors and residents had been finding large bones in the ~ 


neighborhood, and in 1909 Prof. Earl B. Douglass, of the Carnegie Museum of © 


Pittsburgh, under a permit from the Department of the Interior, undertook 


a scientific investigation. The results exceeded all expectation. Remains of 


many enormous animals which once inhabited what is now our Southwestern 


3 


States have been unearthed in a state of fine preservation. These include ~ 


complete and perfect skeletons of large dinosaurs. 


The chief find was the perfect skeleton of a brontosaurus eighty-five feet 


long and sixteen feet high which may have weighed, when living, twenty tons. 


UNEARTHING THE SKELETON OF A Giant DiINosAuR OF PREHISTORIC Days 


(260) 


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RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


pe natural bridge is located within the Navajo Indian Reservation, near 
the southern boundary of Utah, and spans a canyon and small stream 
which drains the northwestern slopes of Navajo Mountain. It is of great 
scientific interest as an example of eccentric stream erosion. 

Among the known extraordinary natural bridges of the world, this bridge 
is unique in that it is not only a symmetrical arch below but presents also a 
curved surface above, thus suggesting roughly a rainbow. Its height above 
the surface of the water is three hundred and nine feet and its span is two 
hundred and seventy-eight feet. 

The bridge and the neighboring canyon walls are gorgeously clothed in 
mottled red and yellow. It was first seen by white men in August, 1909, when 
Professor Byron Cummings, John Wetherill, and William B. Douglass visited 


it under the guidance of an Indian boy. 
(261) 


THE CASA GRANDE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


@ Be of the best preserved and most interesting ruins in the Southwest has 

been preserved in this reservation, which is near Florence, Arizona. 
The structure was once at least four stories high. Many mounds in the neigh- 
borhood indicate that it was one of a large group of dwellings of some im- 
portance. The ruin was discovered by the intrepid Jesuit missionary, Father 
Eusebio Francisco Kino, at the end of the seventeenth century. 


THE PAPAGO SAGUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT 


Wye this national monument, which lies about nine miles east of 

Phoenix, Arizona, and less than a dozen miles from the Apache Trail, 
grow splendid examples of characteristic desert flora, including many striking 
specimens of giant cactus (saguaro) and many other interesting species of cacti, 
such as the prickly pear and cholla. 


EL MORRO NATIONAL MONUMENT 


F* MORRO, or Inscription Rock, in western central New Mexico, is an 
enormous sandstone rock rising a couple of hundred feet out of the plain 
and eroded in such fantastic form as to give it the appearance of a castle. 
The earliest inscription is dated February 18, 1526. Historically the most 
important inscription is that of Juan de Ofiate, a colonizer of New Mexico and 
the founder of the city of Santa Fe, in 1606. It was in this year that Ofiate 
visited El Morro and carved this inscription on his return from a trip to the 
head of the Gulf of California. ‘There are nineteen other Spanish inscriptions. 


CAPULIN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MONUMENT 


APULIN MOUNTAIN is a volcanic cinder cone of recent origin, six miles 
southwest of Folsom, New Mexico. It is the most magnificent specimen 

of a considerable group of craters. Capulin has an altitude of eight thousand 
feet, rising 1,500 feet above the surrounding plain. It is almost a perfect cone. 


VERENDRYE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


pee the left bank of the Missouri River, at Old Crossing, North Dakota, 

rises an impressive eminence from which the great plains west of the Rockies — 
doubtless were first seen by civilized man. Crowhigh Butte is the second 
highest elevation in the State. It is conserved by presidential proclamation 
under the title of Verendrye National Monument. | 

Verendrye, the celebrated French explorer, started from the north shore 
of Lake Superior sixty years before the Lewis and Clark expedition, passed 
westward and southwestward into the unknown regions of the plains and the 
mountains, and, about 1740, stood upon the summit of this striking butte. 


(262) 


Tue Neep.es, Pinnactes Nationa MonuMENT 


PINNACLES NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HE spires, domes, caves, and subterranean passages of the Pinnacles 


National Monument in San Benito County, California, are well 
worth a visit. The name is derived from the spirelike formations 
arising from six hundred to a thousand feet from the floor of the 
canyon forming a landmark visible many miles in every direction. 
A series of caves, opening one into the other, lie under each of the groups 
of rock. ‘These vary greatly in size, one in particular, known as the Banquet 
Hall, being about a hundred feet square, with a ceiling thirty feet high. 


(263) 


THE TUMACACORI NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HE Tumacacori National Monument in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, was 
created to preserve a very ancient Spanish mission ruin dating, it is thought, 
from the latter part of the sixteenth century. It was built by Jesuit priests 
from Spain and operated by them for over a century. 
After the year 1769 priests belonging to the order of Franciscan Fathers 
took charge of the mission and repaired its crumbling walls, maintaining peace- 
able possession for about sixty years, until driven out by Apache Indians. 


GRAN QUIVIRA NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HE Gran Quivira has long been recognized as one of the most important 

of the earliest Spanish church or mission ruins in the Southwest. It is in 
central New Mexico. Near by are numerous Indian pueblo ruins, occupying an 
area many acres in extent, which also, with sufficient land to protect them, was 
reserved. The outside dimensions of the church ruin, which is in the form of 
a short-arm cross, are about forty-eight by one hundred and forty feet, and 
its walls are from four to six feet thick and from twelve to twenty feet high. 


NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HIS tract encloses three interesting and extensive prehistoric pueblos or 
cliff-dweller ruins in an excellent state of preservation. These are known 

as the Betatakin, the Keet Seel, and Inscription House. 
Inscription House Ruin, on Navajo Creek, is regarded as extraordinary, 
not only because of its good state of preservation, but because of the fact that 
upon the walls of its rooms are found inscriptions written in Spanish by early 


explorers and plainly dated 1661. This monument is in Arizona. 
(264) 


Wier TRIFIED FOREST OF ARIZONA 


HE Petrified Forest National Monument lies in the area between the Little 

Colorado River and the Rio Puerco, fifteen miles east of their junction. 
This area is of interest because of the abundance of petrified coniferous trees. 
It has exceptional scenic features also. 

The trees lie scattered about in great profusion; none, however, stands 
erect in its original place of growth, as in the Yellowstone National Park. 

The trees probably at one time grew beside an inland sea; after falling 
they became water-logged, and during decomposition the cell structure of the 
wood was entirely replaced by silica from sandstone in the surrounding land. 


SITKA NATIONAL MONUMENT, ALASKA 


HIS monument reservation is situated about a mile from the steamboat 
landing at Sitka, Alaska. Upon this ground was located formerly the 
village of a warlike tribe—the Kik-Siti Indians—where the Russians under 
Baranoff in 1802 fought and won the ‘‘decisive battle of Alaska” against the 
Indians and effected the lodgment that offset the then active attempts of Great 
Britain to possess this part of the country. The Russian title thus acquired 
to the Alexander Archipelago was later transferred to the United States. 
A celebrated ‘witch tree’’ of the natives and sixteen totem poles, several 
of which are examples of the best work of the savage genealogists of the Alaska 


clans, stand sentrylike along the beach. 
(265) 


AZTEC RUIN NATIONAL MONUMENT 


Res RUIN, the principal feature of this New Mexico monument, is a 
large E-shaped structure of pueblo type containing approximately five 
hundred rooms. ‘The first story of the building is standing, and portions of 
the second and third stories. The ceilings are supported by large beams, cut 
and dressed with stone tools, which are interesting exhibits of work done in 
the Stone Age. The sandstone walls, reasonably plumb and with dressed faces, 
take high rank as examples of prehistoric masonry. 

The plot of ground bearing the ruins was presented to the United States 
by the American Museum of Natural History through the generosity of Mr. 
Archer M. Huntington, one of its trustees. 


SCOTTS BLUFF NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HIS national monument in the State of Nebraska is rich in historic interest. 

Scotts Bluff, one of the highest known points in the State, was a well- 
known landmark on the Old Oregon Trail, and along this way passed a vast 
concourse of the pioneers that trailed overland on their way to settle the 
Willamette Valley and Puget Sound regions in Oregon and Washington, to 
hunt for gold in distant California, or to found the Mormon colonies of Utah. 
In the days of the pony express Scotts Bluff was the scene of many Indian 
battles. It is estimated that about the middle of the nineteenth century an 
average of one wagon every five minutes passed through Mitchell Pass, which 
is located within the boundaries of the present monument. 


PIPE SPRING NATIONAL MONUMENT 


IPE SPRING, on the main road between Zion National Park and the 
North Rim of the Grand Canyon, forms a welcome oasis in the Arizona 
desert. This spring was famous in the early pioneer life of Utah and Arizona. 
Here in the early sixties the Mormon Church established a cattle ranch, and 
the ruined old stone fort they erected, known as Windsor Castle, is the prin- 
cipal feature of the monument. 


YUCCA HOUSE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


alte monument was established to preserve the ruin of a prehistoric village 
in southwestern Colorado. The village is now a cluster of mounds with 
no sign of a wall rising above their surfaces. On account of the large size and 
extent of the mounds, it is believed that when excavated they will prove of 
great archeological interest and educational value. The land upon which the 
ruins are situated, approximately ro acres in extent, was donated to the United — 
States Government by Henry Van Kleek, of Denver, Colorado. 


(266) 


THe Totem PoLes AnD OTHER INTERESTING FORMATIONS IN CARLSBAD CAVE 


CARLSBAD CAVE NATIONAL MONUMENT 


ARLSBAD CAVE, in New Mexico, consists of a series of lofty, spacious 
chambers and connecting corridors, with alcoves extending off to the sides, 
that are of remarkable beauty. There is an infinite variety in the size and 
shape of the stalactites, stalagmites, and other limestone decorations. Although 
an expedition of the National Geographic Society spent about six months 
making a detailed study of the cave, it is so huge that its size is still a matter 
of conjecture. 


FOSSIL CYCAD NATIONAL MONUMENT 


[te was to protect its large deposits of fossil cycads, fernlike plants of the 
Mesozoic period, that this area in the Black Hills of South Dakota was made 
a national monument. ‘These fossil plant beds are among the most interesting 
yet discovered, with the most perfectly preserved specimens. Scientific in- 
vestigations show that the cycads, which are of tree-fern type, actually bore 
flowers in the age when egg-laying monsters were still extant. Many of the 
fossil tree trunks contain large numbers of unexpanded buds, while in other 
cases are found fruits that had begun to mature before fossilization set in. 


(267) 


HOVENWEEP NATIONAL MONUMENT 


HIS national monument in Utah and Colorado contains four groups of 
remarkable prehistoric towers, pueblos, and cliff dwellings. In the largest 
group there are eleven different buildings. The largest of these, Hovenweep 
Castle, has walls that measure 66 feet long and 20 feet high. Besides towers 
and great rooms, this building has two circular kivas on the east end identical 
in construction with those found in the ruins of Mesa Verde National Park. 


CRATERS OF THE MOON NATIONAL MONUMENT 


THE Craters of the Moon National Monument, in Idaho, is a volcanic 

region, the most recent example of fissure eruption in the United States. As 
its name signifies, it closely resembles the surface of the moon when seen through 
a telescope. Nowhere else in the United States can so many volcanic features 
be found in so small an area. ‘There is a profusion of cinder cones, craters, 
and hornitos, and huge black fields of lava spread out for miles. ‘The lava 
tunnels and caves are especially interesting, with their beautiful blue and red 
lava stalactites and stalagmites and other unusual formations. 


CRATERS AND CoNES RISING FROM THE LAVA FIELDS 


(268) 


Courtesy the National Geographic Society 


A View or GLACIER Bay 


GLACIER BAY NATIONAL MONUMENT 


Nae Glacier Bay region of Alaska contains tidewater glaciers of the first 
rank in a setting of lofty peaks. Because of the unique opportunity afforded 
here for the scientific study of glacial action, of the resulting movements and 
development of flora and fauna, and of certain valuable relics of ancient inter- 
glacier forests, a portion of this area was set aside as the Glacier Bay National 
Monument. | 

The region also contains a great variety of forest covering consisting of 
mature area, bodies of youthful trees which have become established since the 
retreat of the ice, and great stretches, now bare, that will become forested in the 
course of the next century. These should be preserved in their natural con- 
dition. ‘The monument is also of historic interest, having been visited by 
explorers and scientists since the early voyage of Vancouver in 1794. 


WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT 


A eee Wupatki Monument consists of two tracts of land lying west of the 
Little Colorado River in Arizona, on which are located interesting red- 
sandstone pueblos built by the ancestors of the Hopi, one of the most picturesque 
tribes of Indians in the United States to-day. The buildings were constructed 
by the Snake family of the Hopi in their migration from the Grand Canyon. 


(269) 


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